• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.611-615
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• 2002

Pneumoconiosis is fibrogenic disease, caused by inhalation of mineral dust. It is defined as the accumulation of dust in the lung and tissue reaction to its presence and the dust is considered to be an aerosal of solid and inanimate particles. It is among the most common and the most important occupational lung disease, especially in developing countries. It is required three prerequisites for making a clinical diagnosis of pneumoconiosis: 1) a full clinical and occupational history together with the result of physical examination; 2) previous X-ray for comparison; and 3) a clear understanding of the time scale involved in the progression of the diseases. Most pneumoconiosises are slow to evolve and changes in the appearances take many months -usually years- to occur. Pneumoconiosis is represented on a plain X-ray of the chest as multiple small round opacities, usually smaller than 1cm diameter. In 58 years old female patient, pneumoconiosis is manifested as $5{\times}4{\times}3$cm sized solitary pulmonary nodule without any occupational history and past history of exposure of dust. so we treated this case with right upper lobectomy. Therefore we report this case with a brief review of literatures.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.204-216
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of foot reflexology on pain and mood in patients who have just had a mastectomy. The research design was a nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design. The participants for this study were 28 patients with breast cancer on first or second day after mastectomy surgery. The first 12 patients were assigned to the control group and the second 16 to the experimental group. The study was conducted from October 28, 2001 to December 22, 2001 on a surgical unit of Y Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. Pain intensity, blood pressure, pulse rate and mood were measured as dependent variables. The instrument used for pain intensity and mood was a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Cronbach alpha for this study was .70. For the experimental group pre and post tests were done immediately before and 15 minutes after completion of foot reflexology. Foot reflexology was performed once for 20 minutes. After the pretest, patients in the control group were instructed to have a quiet time for a 35 minute period and then the post-test was done. The number of participants was small so the data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The results of this study are as follow : 1. In the experimental group there were significant decreases between the pre and post tests for pain intensity (z=-3.47, p<.001), diastolic blood pressure (z=-2.67, p<.01) and pulse rate (z=-3.44, p<.001) but there was no difference between the two groups on the post test. 2. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were also not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group on the post test. 3. The mood score was significantly improved after foot reflexology(z=-3.52, p=.000) and the difference between the two groups was also significant (u=49.0, p=.03). In conclusion, there was a statistically significant difference in mood between the two groups, but no difference for pain intensity, blood pressure, or pulse rate. However, there were significant differences between the pretest and post-test for pain intensity, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate in the experimental group. On the basis of the above findings, this study suggests that foot reflexology can be an effective method of relieving pain and improving mood in clinical practice in women who have had mastectomy surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2001

배경: 폐암발생에 EGF의 자가 분비는 암의 성장과정에 직, 간접적인 영향을 주고 있으며, TNF-$\alpha$는 면역 반응의 급성체로서 폐암의 발생을 억제하고 이미 발생한 폐암종의 치료에도 이용되고 있는 실정이다. 폐암 조직과 혈장에서 epidermal growth factor(EGF)와 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$)를 면역 방사선 분석법을 이용하여 정량분석 하여 발현 정도를 분석해보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 폐암환자 20례와 양성종양 및 육아종 환자 4례에 대해서 AJCCS에 의한 조직학적 분류와 TNM 분류에 따라 구분하여 절제수술을 받은 환자를 대상으로 수술전 혈액을 채취하고 수술직후 적출한 표본을 암이 없는 건강하다고 판단되는 대조조직과 폐암조직에서 일정량의 조직을 절취하여 액화질소 내에 실험시까지 급속 냉동보관 하였다. 수술후 혈액을 재 채취하여 혈장을 분리하여 냉동고에 검사시까지 보관하였다. EGF의 정량은 Human Epidermal Growth Factor kit(Amersham Phamacia Biotech, England)를 사용하였으며, TNF-$\alpha$ 정량은 TNF-$\alpha$ IRMA kit(Biosouce, Belgium)을 사용하여 IRMA 방법으로 각각 정량분석하여 표현유무를 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 결과: 1. 대조조직, 양성종양 및 육아종과 폐암 수술전후의 조직과 혈청 모두에서 EGF와 TNF-$\alpha$가 발현되었다. 2. EGF와 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도는 대조조직과 양성종양(0.11$\pm$0.06 ng/ml, 20,3$\pm$9.08 pg/ml)에 비하여 폐암조직(0.13$\pm$0.05 ng/ml, 34.34$\pm$47.74pg/ml)에서 유의하게 높은 농도가 발현되고 있었다. 3. 폐암중 선암조직에서 특히 TNF-$\alpha$(80.92$\pm$104.08 ng/ml)의 발현이 강하게 나타났다. 4. 혈청내의 EGF와 TNF-$\alpha$의 발현되는 양이 조직내의 양보다도 높았다. EGF는 5.7배정도 TNF는 1.3배정도 강하게 표현되었다. 5. 폐암의 조직학적 종류에 따라서 EGF는 거의 차이가 없었으나 TNF-$\alpha$ 정량치에는 차이가 있었다. 6. TNM stage가 진행함에 따라 EGF는 농도가 증가하였고 TNF-$\alpha$는 오히려 감소하는 반대되는 교차현상이 있었다. 7. 수술직후 EGF는 증가하였으나 TNF-$\alpha$는 오히려 감소하였다. 결론: 결론적으로 저자는 암조직과 대조조직간에 EGF와 TNF-$\alpha$의 표현량의 차이가 있음을 관찰하였으며 또한 조직과 혈청사이에도 표현량에 차이가 있으며 조직보다도 오히려 혈청내의 농도가 높다는 사실을 관찰하였다. EFG와 TNF-$\alpha$는 정상조직이나 양성조직과 폐암조직 모두에서 분비작용되는 cytokines으로 세포기능에 따라 다양하게 표현이 되며 계속적인 연구로서 밝혀야만 할 과제라고 판단된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.324-335
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• 1979

During the period of 4 years from August 1975 to August 1979 one hundred and forty seven cases of lung cancer were seen at Paik Foundation Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Among these 147 cases, 104 patients had primary carcinoma of the lung and the remainder was metastatic carcinoma to the lung. Among these 104 primary carcinoma patients, 73 cases were proven histologically as primary carcinoma of the lung. There were three cases of alveolar cell carcinoma [Table 1 ]. This clinical observation is based on those 73 cases including three case reports of the alveolar cell carcinoma. 1. Peak incidence was observed in the 5th decade of life. Male to female ratio was 2 to 1 [Fig. 1]. 2. Pathological classifications were as follows: epidermoid carcinoma, 24 cases [32.9%]; undifferentiated carcinoma, 20 cases [27.4%]; adenocarcinoma, 15 cases [20.5%]; bronchioloalveolar carcinoma [5.5%] and positive cytology, 10 cases [13.7%] [Fig. 2]. 3. Evidence of inoperability was observed in 55 patients [75% of the 73 cases] [Table 3]. 4. Among those 73 cases, operability was evaluated in 18 patients or 25%. One patient refused operation and 17 patients [23.6%] were explored. In 11 [15%] out of 17 patients, thoracotomies were performed. Six cases were pneumonectomies and 5 cases were lobectomies or bilobectomies [Fig. 3]. 5. First case of alveolar cell carcinoma was a 46 year-old housewife complaining of cough and hemoptysis for one year. The plain chest X-ray and bronchogram showed characteristic pictures as Figures 4 and 5. A pneumonectomy was carried out. Histologically, a beautiful alveolar carcinoma consisted of the characteristic tall columnar epithelial cells, which were lining the alveolar spaces as seen in Figures 6, 7, 8, and 20. 6. In the second case of 41 year old male, predominant clinical feature was single, well defined mass in the right lower lobe [Fig. 10 and 11] on chest X-ray. Bilobectomized specimen showed fragile, soft and hard tissue containing mucoid secretions and focal yellowish necrosis with pigmentation on cut surface [Fig. 12]. Slides showed tumor cells lined up along the alveolar septa with papillary projections [Fig. 13 and 14]. 7. Third case of alveolar cell carcinoma was a 50-year-old housewife with hemoptysis. An outstanding clinical picture was a round to lobulated mass in the right upper lobe [Fig. 16]. She is living now, 2 years and 1 month post-operatively, but has arrived at terminal stage with military nodular disseminations to the contralateral lung [Fig. 19].

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1817-1823
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• 2016

Areca nut (AN) chewing is a habit in many countries in Central, Southern, and Southeast Asia. It is strongly associated with the occurrence of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer as well as systemic inflammation. However, the association between AN intake and the development of gastric lesions has not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AN on gastric diseases using a mouse model for Helicobacter pylori infection. We studied four groups of mice: those fed a normal diet (ND), those fed a diet containing 2.5% AN (AD), those fed ND and infected with H. pylori PMSS1 strain (ND/HP), and those fed AD and infected with H. pylori PMSS1 strain (AD/HP). Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly during the experiments. At 10 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and the stomach weight, H. pylori colonization, and gastric inflammation were evaluated. The stomach weight had increased significantly in the ND/HP and AD/HP groups along with increases in H. pylori colonization; however, there was no significant difference between these two groups with respect to stomach weight and colonization. On histological grading, mononuclear cell infiltration was severer in the AD/HP group than in the ND/HP group. These data suggest that chronic gastric inflammation was aggravated by AN treatment in the mice with H. pylori-induced gastric lesions. Furthermore, as previously suggested, this animal model is useful to determine the effect of potential carcinogens on gastric lesions induced by H. pylori infection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1996

Bronchoplastlc procedures including sleeve lobectomy were initially introduced for patients whose pulmonary function was insufficient to tolerate pneumonectomy In more recent years, sleeve lobectomy has evolved as an alternative to pneumonectomy in carefully selected cases of bronchogenic carcinoma, especially for centrally located lesions. Between 1992 and 1995, bronchoplastic procedures for bronchogenic carcinoma were performed in 15 patients and the majority of operative procedures were sleeve lobectomy (W: 12). All procedures were considered as complete and potentially curative. Mean age was 62.3 years (range 46 to 70 years) and there were 12 males and 3 females. Of 15 patiients, 7 underwent right upper sleeve, 2 underwent right lower sleeve, 5 underwent left upper sleeve, and 1 underwent right sleeve pneumonectomy. Postoperative staging was , stage I in 3, stage ll in 8, stage llla in 3 and stage lII in 1. The postoperative complications included anastomosis site obstruction due to granulation tissue in 1, local recurrence in 3, and wound infection in 1 There were 1 operative death due to sepsis and 2 late deaths. The three-year survival rate was 80%. The significant correlation was observed (r=0.11) between the predicted FEVI (1.851 L) and measured FEVI (1 762L). In conclusion, bronchoplastic procedure will have better prognosis than pneumonectomy in selected lung cancer patients because of preserving good function in remnant lung.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.306-323
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• 2001

종양발생에서 유전자 발현을 확인하고 profile 변화를 monitor하는 것은 병리학적 변화의 원인뿐 아니라 질병탐지와 진료의 새로운 목표를 확인하기 위한 새로운 기회를 제공해준다. cDNA microarray는 수천개의 유전자 발현을 동시에 연구할 수 있는 최신의 방법으로 피부, 유방, 간을 비롯한 다른 인체장기에서는 일부 이루어졌으나 array를 이용해 타액선 종양 연구에서는 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 인간의 타액선 세포의 악성형질전환을 조절하는 분자적 상태를 연구하기 위해 본 연구는 약 2,000개의 유전자가 print된 cDNA microarray를 이용하여 인간 타액선 도관상피세포주(HSG)와 악하선에서 기원한 미분화 선암종(SGT)간에 비교연구를 하였다. Cy3와 Cy5 dye로 각각의 세포주에서 얻은 RNA와 reciprocal hybridize시키고 GenePix 4000 scanner로 스캔하고 GenePix Pro로 분석한 후 log2로 평균발현비율을 전환시켜 최소 2배이상의 발현을 보이는 유전자를 분석대상으로 하였다. 90%이상의 유전자가 비슷한 발현을 보였으며 2배이상의 발현을 보이는 경우 HSG가 SGT에 비해 72개 유전자가, SGT가 HSG에 비해 111개의 유전자 발현이 up-regulation되어 총 10%미만의 발현차이를 보였고 반복된 hybridization 으로부터 얻은 선택된 spot의 Pearson 상관계수는 -0.85이였다. HSG에서는 6번 p 염색체에서 과발현되는 유전자가 가장 많았고, SGT에서는 11번 q 염색체에서 가장 많았는데 HSG에서는 SGT에 비해 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22염색체에서 과발현 되는 유전자 수가 많았고, SGT에서는 HSG에 비해 2, 7, 10, 15 염색체에서 유전자 발현 증가가 관찰되었다. HSG와 SGT간의 유전 발현을 기능별로 분석한 결과 몇 가지 주요 경로가 세포악성에 관련됨을 발견하였고, 타액선 도관상피세포에서 선암종을 구별하는데 기여하는 관련된 몇종의 과다 발현된 유전자를 찾았는데 전사인자, 성장인자 및 수용기, 세포골격 및 세포외기질 단백, 세포내 신호전달조절자 및 인자, 세포표면 항원등의 그룹으로 분류할 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 microarray를 이용한 분자학적 표지자 연구가 악성 타액선 종양 발생과정에서 큰 도움을 줄 수 있을 뿐 아니라 유전자 조절에 의한 진단, 예후, 치료에서의 정확성을 개선시킬 수 있으리라 여겨진다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2008

Genetic variation in the human genome occurs on various levels; from the single nucleotide polymorphism to large, microscopically visible chromosome anomalies. It can be present in many forms, including variable number of tandem repeat (VNTRs; e.g., mini- and microsatellites), presence/absence of transposable elements (e.g., Alu elements), single nucleotide polymorphisms, and structural alterations (e.g., copy number variation, segmental duplication, inversion, translocation). Until recently SNPs were thought to be the main source of genetic and phenotypic human variation. However, the use of methods such as array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have revealed the presence of copy number variations(CNVs) ranging from kilobases (kb) to megabases (Mb) in the human genome. There is great interest in the possibility that CNVs playa role in the etiology of common disease such as HIV-1/AIDS, diabetes, autoimmune disease, heart disease and cancer. The discovery of widespread copy number variation in human provides insights into genetic variability among populations and provides a foundation for studies of the contribution of CNVs to evolution and disease.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to calculate and analyze the effective radiation doses from computed tomography (CT) and radiologic intervention in patients in the emergency department (ED) with trauma critical pathway (CP) activation and further to estimate the lifetime attributable risks (LARs) for the incidence of and mortality from cancers induced by the radiation dose. Methods: Through a retrospective electrical chart review of 104 injured patients who trauma critical pathway were activated from November 2012 to March 2013, we calculated effective radiologic doses by taking the product of the dose-linear product of the scan and the conversion coefficient. After a determination of the image results, we divided the patients into two groups, negative or positive, and calculated the effective dose for each group. With these results, we estimated the LARs for the incidence of and the mortality from cancers by using the table in the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR)-VII report. Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled. The mean age was $49.0{\pm}8.5$ years. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was $12.7{\pm}8.4$. The cumulative effective dose (CED) for individual patients varied from 2.8 mSv to 238.8 mSv, and the mean was $47.6{\pm}39.9$ mSv. The CED in patients with an $ISS{\geq}16$($63.2{\pm}26.6$ mSv) was higher than that of patients whose ISS<16($33.5{\pm}23.1$ mSv) (p<0.001). The CED in patients who were treated with surgery or intervention($69.0{\pm}45.2$ mSv) was higher than that of patients who were treated conservatively($33.6{\pm}22.4$ mSv) (p<0.001). The LARs for cancer incidence and mortality were $328.5{\pm}308.6$ and $189.0{\pm}159.3$ per 100,000 people, respectively. Conclusion: The CED and the LAR for trauma CP-activated patients in the ED were significant, so efforts should be made to decrease the effective dose received by severely injured patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.118-122
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• 1993

To evaluate the genotoxic effect of $^{131}I$, lymphocytes from 9 patients who underwent large dose (150 mCi) $^{131}I$ therapy after total thyroidectomy were studied for sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) before and after their first radioiodine treatments. Frequency of SCE (FSCE) was counted in chromosomes of 30 lymphocytes in each patients, and was expressed as numbers of SCE per cell. Numbers of leukocytes were also observed during $^{131}I$ therapy. Pretreatment FSCE ($4.2{\pm}0.7$) was not different from the control ($3.8{\pm}0.4$, p=0.17). However, the frequency was significantly elevated after $^{131}I$ administration (at the second day, $7.9{\pm}0.8$, p<0.001) and was diminished but still significantly elevated after a week (at 9th day, $6.4{\pm}0.6$, p<0.001). While counts of leukocytes in the peripheral blood showed no change (p> 0.05). In conclusion, chromatids of human lymphocytes were significantly damaged after $^{131}I$ treatment without any bone marrow supression. And the repair of SCE was not complete within one week.