• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.56-61
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• 1985

The mass balances of calcium salts during the manufacturing processes of Tofu were established by conductometric method and chemical analysis method. During the manufacturing processes of soy milk and Tofu, 66% of solid and 63% of calcium was transfered from soy-bean to the soy milk, and 47.8% of total solid from soybean was transfered to the Tofu, respectively. When the $CaCl_2$ was used as coagulant, calcium contents in Tofu $(Y_{Tofu},\;mg{\cdot}Ca/g{\cdot}Tofu,\;wet\;basis)$ and drained solution $(Y_{drained\;soln},\;mg{\cdot}Ca/ml{\cdot}drained\;soln.)$ were linearly increased with the amounts of $CaCl_2(C,g{\cdot}CaCl_2/ml{\cdot}soy\;milk)$ added in soy milk, and correlative equations between them were obtained as $Y_{Tofu}=0.3369\;C+1.2689$ for Tofu$(moisture\;content:\;81.5{\pm}0.5%)$ with r=0.9898, and $Y_{drained\;soln}= 0.2899C+0.0399$ for drained solution with r= 0.9991. It was proved that conductometric method was reasonably applicable to the measurement of calcium contents of the products from every processes of Tofu manufacture except soy-bean. However the conductometric method was not recomendable in the case of $CaSO_4$ as coagulant due to its low solubility ana uneven distribution in soy milk and Tofu tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) on the growth and physiological responses of Pinus strobus and the variables that are sensitive to $CaCl_2$. Thus, changes in the visible damage, growth of root collar diameter, plant water content, chlorophyll content and composition, maximum PS II photochemical efficiency, and electron transport rate of P. strobus was analyzed in relation to treatment witih $CaCl_2$. A $CaCl_2$ solution(0.5, 1.0 and 3.0%) was applied in the root zone before leaf unfolding. Leaf browning, defoliation, and drying were observed with $CaCl_2$ application and this pattern was aggravated as the $CaCl_2$ concentration increased and the treatment period became longer. The decrease of growth in root collar diameter and height and leaf water content were observed at $CaCl_2$ 1.0% and 3.0%. The total chlorophyll content indicated that photopigment, PS II photochemical efficiency and electron transport rate significantly decreased at $CaCl_2$ 3.0%. In conclusion, $CaCl_2$ affected leaf water content and led to a decrease of capability in light harvesting and photochemical responses. Also, as a result of the correlation between calcium chloride concentration and growth and physiological response parameters, it was found that the leaf moisture content and the ratio of chlorophyll a and b reflect the damage level of calcium chloride sensitively because their coefficient of determinations were relatively high.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.133-139
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• 2007

Although the physiological roles of calretinin have not been established, it may simply work as a calcium buffer or may actively work in calcium-mediated signal transduction. Calretinin plays a little role in the transport and physiological buffering of calcium in the adult photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells of the human retina. We identified the calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the inner nuclear cell layer and ganglion cell layer and the distribution pattern of the labeled neurons in the retina of a bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in this study. We observed the existence of calretinin-immunoreactive AII amacrine cell in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer of bat retina through this study. This observation must be significant along with our previous studies as we need to study for more understanding about the unsolved issue of a bat vision and the unique behavioral aspects of bat flight maneuverability.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1992

We used the whole cell patch clamp technique to examine the ionic basis for the tail current after depolarizing pulse in single atrial myocytes of the rabbit. We recorded the tail currents during various repolarizations after short depolarizing pulse from a holding potential of -70 mV. The potassium currents were blocked by external 4-aminopyridine and replacement of internal potassium with cesium. The current was reversed to the outward direction above +10 mV. High concentrations of intracellular calcium buffer inhibited the activation of the current. Diltiazem and ryanodine blocked it too. These data suggest that the current is activated by intracellular calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulumn. When the internal chloride concentration was increased, the inward tail current was increased. The current was partially blocked by the anion transport blocker niflumic acid. The current voltage curve of the niflumic acid sensitive current component shows outward rectification and is well fitted to the current voltage curve of the theoretically predicted chloride current calculated from the constant field equation. The currents recorded in rabbit atrial myocytes, with the method showing isolated outward Na Ca exchange current in ventricular cells of the guinea pig, suggested that chloride conductance could be activated with the activation of Na/ca exchange current. From the above results it is concluded that a chloride sensitive component which is activated by intracellular calcium contributes to tail currents in rabbit atrial cells.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2000

Infection of Vero cells with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) resulted in a series of changes in intra-cellular free calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$. A significant and maximal decrease $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was observed at 4 hours postinfection (hr p.i.) in HSV-1-infected in Vero cells. Inactivation of HSV-1 with UV irradiation and heat treatment abolished HSV-1-induced decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ at 4 hr p.i. in Vero cells. And the degree of the decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was dependent on the amount of input virus. Taxol, which stabilizes the polymerization of microtubule blocked HSV-1-induced decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ at 4 hr p.i., suggesting that microtubule may mediate the transport of HSV-1 nucleocapsid to the nucleus of infected cell. Treatment of HSV-1-infected Vero cells with metabolic inhibitors such as cycloheximide, cordycepin, or acyclovir partially reversed the decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ at 4 hr p.i.. Thus, it is suggested that HSV-1 induced decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ at 4 hr p.i. in Vero cells may play an important role in the multiplication of HSV-1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.563-571
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• 2021

In this study, calcium alginate based cation exchange membrane was prepared and used to develop membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) system for effective hardness control. As a major result, the MCDI with Ca-alginate membrane showed 27% better deionization capacity than the MCDI with a commercial cation exchange membrane. This superior improvement in the deionization capacity was expected to be due to the high ratio of transport number/electrical resistance (S_c/R_ratio) of Ca-alginate membrane. In addition, the MCDI with Ca-alginate membrane showed better deionization performance than the MCDI with Ca-alginate coating. This was because the space between the electrode and the Ca-alginate membrane was utilized for ion adsorption. The preliminary results indicated that the MCDI with Ca-alginate membrane can be a viable technique for the hardness control.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.214-221
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• 2024

The present study concerns the resistance of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) to steel corrosion. The corrosion behavior of steel, chloride binding/buffering and chloride transport were evaluated in order to predict the risk of steel corrosion. The CAC mortar exhibited no corrosion on steel, irrespective of the curing temperature and CAC types, whereas ordinary Portland cement (OPC) showed a severe corrosion on the steel surface. The chloride binding capacity of CAC found to be was lower than that of OPC, yet buffering capacity against pH decrease was found to be significantly higher in the CAC paste. Furthermore, chloride ingress at all depths was found to be reduced in CAC, thereby reducing the risk of corrosion.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.359-370
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• 2010

$CO_2$ leakage from a geological formation utilized for $CO_2$ storage could result in failure of the facility and threaten the environment, as well as human safety and health. A reactive transport model of a $CO_2-H_2O$-cement reaction was constructed to understand chemical changes in the case of $CO_2$ leakage through a cement crack in an injection well, which is the most probable leakage pathway during geological storage. The model results showed the dissolution of portlandite and CSH (calcium silicate hydrate) within the cement paste, and the precipitation of secondary CSH and calcite as the $CO_2$ plume migrated along the crack. Calcite occupied most of the crack after 3 year of reaction, which could be maintained until 30 years after crack development. The present results could be applied in the development of technology to prevent $CO_2$ leakage and to enhance the integrity of wells constructed for $CO_2$ geological storage.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the tracing of optic nerve tract using manganese enhanced magnetic resonance Imaging. Materials and Methods: After injecting $30{\mu}l$ of $MnCl_2(1mol)$ (1 mol) Into the retina of female New Zealand white rabbit, the contrast enhancements at major anatomical structures of optic nerve tract were evaluated by high resolution T1-weighted Images 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after $MnCl_2(1mol)$ Injection using 3D FSPGR (Fast Speiled Gradient Recalled echo) pulse sequence at 1.5T clinical MR scanner with high performance gradient system. Also, for quantitative evaluation, the signal-to-noise ratios of circular ROI on anatomical locations were measured. Results: The major structures on the optic nerve tract were enhanced after injecting $MnCl_2(1mol)$. The structures, which showed enhancement, were right optic nerve, optic chiasm, left optic tract, left lateral geniculate nucleus, left superior colliculus. The structures on the contralateral optic pathway to the right retina were enhanced whereas the structures on the ipsilateral pathway did not show enhancement. Conclusion: The Mn transport through axonal pathway of optic nerve sys)em was non- invasively observed after injecting injecting $MnCl_2$ at the retina, which is the end terminal of optic nerve system. This Mn transport seems to occur by voltage gated calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ channel and In case of direct Injection Into the retina, the fast transpori pathway of voltage gated calcium channel seems to be responsible for Mn transport.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2012

Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms, and that mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the spinal dorsal horn. To investigate whether mitochondrial ROS can induce changes in membrane excitability on spinal substantia gelatonosa (SG) neurons, we examined the effects of mitochondrial electron transport complex (ETC) substrates and inhibitors on the membrane potential of SG neurons in spinal slices. Application of ETC inhibitors, rotenone or antimycin A, resulted in a slowly developing and slight membrane depolarization in SG neurons. Also, application of both malate, a complex I substrate, and succinate, a complex II substrate, caused reversible membrane depolarization and enhanced firing activity. Changes in membrane potential after malate exposure were more prominent than succinate exposure. When slices were pretreated with ROS scavengers such as phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN), catalase and 4- hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), malate-induced depolarization was significantly decreased. Intracellular calcium above $100{\mu}M$ increased malateinduced depolarization, witch was suppressed by cyclosporin A, a mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor. These results suggest that enhanced production of spinal mitochondrial ROS can induce nociception through central sensitization.