• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2017년도 학술발표회
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• pp.260-260
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• 2017

This study aims to compare the performance of TRIGRS (Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-based Regional Slope-stability model) and TiVaSS (Time-variant Slope Stability model) in the prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. TRIGRS employs one-dimensional (1-D) subsurface flow to simulate the infiltration rate, whereas a three-dimensional (3-D) model is utilized in TiVaSS. The former has been widely used in landslide modeling, while the latter was developed only recently. Both programs are used for the spatiotemporal prediction of shallow landslides caused by rainfall. The present study uses the July 2011 landslide event that occurred in Mt. Umyeon, Seoul, Korea, for validation. The performance of the two programs is evaluated by comparison with data of the actual landslides in both location and timing by using a landslide ratio for each factor of safety class ( index), which was developed for addressing point-like landslide locations. In addition, the influence of surface flow on landslide initiation is assessed. The results show that the shallow landslides predicted by the two models have characteristics that are highly consistent with those of the observed sliding sites, although the performance of TiVaSS is slightly better. Overland flow affects the buildup of the pressure head and reduces the slope stability, although this influence was not significant in this case. A slight increase in the predicted unstable area from 19.30% to 19.93% was recorded when the overland flow was considered. It is concluded that both models are suitable for application in the study area. However, although it is a well-established model requiring less input data and shorter run times, TRIGRS produces less accurate results.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2019

Poor project performance has been noted as the bane in the construction industry globally. This paper sought to investigate, by way of literature, the performance patterns of construction projects in Kenya since independence (1963-2018). This was informed by reports of undesirable project performance in the industry. This descriptive study used available studies previously done in this subject area. In sum, literature is replete with evidence on a myriad of challenges facing the execution of projects. The study established that generally, the project performance is poor and has assumed a chronic trajectory spanning over five decades. On average, the findings reveal that 35-60% of projects initiated in Kenya face cost overruns while time overrun is most severe with 35-73% projects overrunning their schedule. In addition, the findings problematize the issue of plurality of performance measurement regimes in the construction industry. Here, it was observed that no singular construct exists to objectively measure the various facets that constitute the 'health' of a project. This paper has contributed to the body of knowledge by examining the performance patterns in Kenya for over fifty years while at the same time identifying the bottlenecks inherent in projects execution. Importantly, the conceptual performance efficiency framework derived in the current study presents a paradigm shift in the monitoring and evaluation of projects. To this end, an in-depth analysis is recommended on the interaction of efficiency enablers in the buildup of performance efficiency index (PEI). Similarly, a further inquiry is recommended on the integration and impact of the proposed framework in the management of projects.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.282-293
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• 2021

This paper examines gamma-ray shielding properties of SBC-Bx glass system with the chemical composition of 40SiO₂-10B₂O₃-xBaO-(45-x)CaO- yZnO- zMgO (where x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 35 mol% and y = z = 6 mol%). Mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) which is an essential parameter to study gamma-ray shielding properties was obtained in the photon energy range of 0.015-15 MeV using PHITS Monte Carlo code for the proposed glasses. The obtained results were compared with those calculated by WinXCOM program. Both the values of PHITS code and WinXCOM program were observed in very good agreement. The (µ/ρ values were then used to derive mean free path (MFP), electron density (N_eff), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and half value layer (HVL) for all the glasses involved. Additionally, G-P method was employed to estimate exposure buildup factor (EBF) for each glass in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV up to penetration depths of 40 mfp. The results reveal that gamma-ray shielding effectiveness of the SBC-Bx glasses evolves with increasing BaO content in the glass sample. Such that SBC-B35 glass has superior shielding capacity against gamma-rays among the studied glasses. Gamma-ray shielding properties of SBC-B35 glass were compared with different conventional shielding materials, commercial glasses, and newly developed HMO glasse. Therefore, the investigated glasses have potential uses in gamma shielding applications.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.145-158
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• 2022

The dynamics of the outer zone radiation belt has received a lot of attention mainly due to the correlation between the occurrence of enhancing relativistic electron flux and spacecraft operation anomalies or even failures (e.g., Baker et al. 1994). Relativistic electron events are often observed during great storms associated with ultra low frequency (ULF) waves. For example, a large buildup of relativistic electrons was observed during the great storm of March 24, 1991 (e.g., Li et al. 1993; Hudson et al. 1995; Mann et al. 2013). However, the dominant processes which accelerate magnetospheric radiation belt electrons to MeV energies are not well understood. In this paper, we present observations of Pc5 ULF waves in the recovery phase of the Bastille day storm of July 16, 2000 and electron and proton flux simultaneously oscillating with the same frequencies as the waves. The mechanism for the observed electron and proton flux modulations is examined using ground-based and satellite observations. During this storm time, multiple packets of discrete frequency Pc5 ULF waves appeared associated with energetic particle flux oscillations. We model the drift paths of electrons and protons to determine if the particles drift through the ULF wave to understand why some particle fluxes are modulated by the ULF waves and others are not. We also analyze the flux oscillations of electrons and protons as a function of energy to determine if the particle modulations are caused by a ULF wave drift resonance or advection of a particle density gradient. We suggest that the energetic electron and proton modulations by Pc5 ULF waves provide further evidence in support of the important role that ULF waves play in outer radiation belt dyanamics during storm times.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.3051-3058
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• 2022

In the present work, untreated Iraqi sand with grain sizes varied between 100 and 200 ㎛ was used to produce a colored glass sample that has shielding features against the low gamma-ray energy. Therefore, a weight of 70-60 wt % sand was mixed with 9-14 wt% B₂O₃, 8-10 wt% Na₂O, 4-6 wt% of CaO, 3-6 wt% Al₂O₃, in addition to 0.3% of Co₂O₃. After melting and annealing the glass sample, the X-ray diffraction spectrometry was applied to affirm the amorphous phase of the fabricated glass samples. Moreover, the X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry was used to measure the chemical composition, and the MH-300A densimeter was applied to measure the fabricated sample's density. The Makishima-Makinzie model was applied to predict the mechanical properties of the fabricated glass. Besides, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the fabricated glass sample's radiation shielding capacity in the low-energy region between 22.1 and 160.6 keV. Therefore, the simulated linear attenuation coefficient changed between 10.725 and 0.484 cm^-1, raising the gamma-ray energy between 22.1 and 160.6 keV. Also, other shielding parameters such as a half-value layer, pure lead equivalent thickness, and buildup factors were calculated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.2000-2010
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• 2021

Mechanical moduli, such as Young's modulus (E), Bulks modulus (B), Shear modulus (S), longitudinal modulus (L), Poisson's ratio (σ) and micro Hardness (H) were theoretically calculated for (100-x)TeO₂+x MgO glasses, where x = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45 mol%, based on the Makishima-Mackenzie model. The estimated results showed that the mechanical moduli and the microhardness of the glasses were improved with the increase of the MgO contents in the TM glasses, while Poisson's ratio decreased with the increase in MgO content. Moreover, the radiation shielding capacity was evaluated for the studied TM glasses. Thus, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), transmission factor (TF) and half-value thickness (𝚫_0.5) were simulated for gamma photon energies between 0.344 and 1.406 MeV. The simulated results showed that glass TM10 with 10 mol % MgO possess the highest LAC and varied in the range between 0.259 and 0.711 cm^-1, while TM45 glass with 45 mol % MgO possess the lowest LAC and vary in the range between 0.223 and 0.587 cm^-1 at gamma photon energies between 0.344 and 1.406 MeV. Furthermore, the BXCOM program was applied to calculate the effective atomic number (Z_eff), equivalent atomic number (Z_eq) and buildup factors (EBF and EABF) of the glasses. The effective removal cross-section for the fast neutrons (ERCSFN, ∑_R) was also calculated theoretically. The received data depicts that the lowest ∑_R was achieved for TM10 glasses, where ∑_R = 0.0193 cm² g^-1, while TM45 possesses the highest ERCSFN where ∑_R = 0.0215 cm² g^-1.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.2802-2811
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• 2023

In a first-of-its-kind study, terrestrial radionuclide concentrations were measured in 35 topsoil samples from the outskirts of Dhaka using HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry to assess the radiological consequences of such a vast number of brick kilns on the plant workers, general as well as dwelling environment. The range of activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K is found at 19 ± 3.04 to 38 ± 4.94, 39 ± 5.85 to 57 ± 7.41, and (430 ± 51.60 to 570 ± 68.40) Bq/kg, respectively. ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K concentrations were higher than the global averages. Bottom ash deposition in lowlands, fly ash buildup in soils, and the fallout of micro-particles are all probable causes of the elevated radioactivity levels. ¹³⁷Cs was found in the sample, which indicates the migration of ¹³⁷Cs from nuclear accidents or nuclear fallout, or the contamination of feed coal. Although the effective dose received by the general public was below the recommended dose limit but, most estimates of hazard parameters surpass their respective population weighted global averages, indicating that brick kiln workers and nearby residents are not safe due to prolonged exposures to terrestrial radiation. In addition, the soil around sampling sites is found to be unsuitable for agricultural purposes.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2023

This study investigated the effect of water retention characteristics between aged and fresh Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) on the stability of the landfill. A series of transient numerical modeling for the slope of an MSW landfill was performed considering the variation of water retention characteristics due to leachate circulation. Four different scenarios were considered in this analysis depending on how to obtain hydraulic conductivity and the aging degree of materials. Unsaturated hydraulic properties of the MSW used for the modeling were evaluated through modified hanging column tests. Different water retention properties and various landfill conditions, such as subgrade stiffness, leachate injection frequency, and gas and leachate collection system, were considered to investigate the pore water distribution and slope stability. The stability analyses related to the factor of safety showed that unsaturated properties under those varied conditions significantly impacted the slope stability, where the factor of safety decreased, ranging between 9.4 and 22%. The aged materials resulted in a higher factor of safety than fresh materials; however, after 1000 days, the factor of safety decreased by around 10.6% due to pore pressure buildup. The analysis results indicated that using fresh materials yielded higher factor of safety values. The landfill subgrade was found to have a significant impact on the factor of safety, which resulted in an average of 34% lower factor of safety in soft subgrades. The results also revealed that a failed leachate collection system (e.g., clogging) could result in landfill failure (factor of safety < 1) after around 298 days, while the leachate recirculation frequency has no critical impact on stability. In addition, the accumulation of gas pressure within the waste body resulted in factor of safety reductions as high as 24%. It is essential to consider factors related to the unsaturated hydraulic properties in designing a landfill to prevent landfill instability.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보교육학회 2021년도 학술논문집
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• pp.51-57
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• 2021

근래에 초등학교에서 맞춤형 지능 정보 시스템 서비스를 학생들에게 제공하기 위하여 인공지능 기술을 활용하는 사례가 늘고 있다. 그러나 인공지능의 원리를 학습하는 것도 활용만큼 중요하다고 볼 수 있는데, 그 이유는 인공지능의 원리를 터득함으로써 고도 기술사회의 변화에 대한 적응력을 길러 줄 수 있기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 초등학생들에게 적합한 실세계의 문제를 인공지능 기반의 예측 시스템으로 해결하는 경험을 통하여 선형회귀 알고리즘의 작동원리를 이해하도록 하였다. 이를 위하여 스크래치로 만든 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 사용하여 학생들이 선형 회귀 모델을 찾도록 하였다. 이 과정을 통하여 학생들은 데이터를 분석하고, 예측 모델의 정확도를 비교하였고, 적합한 예측 모델을 발견함으로써 생활주변의 문제를 해결하는 능력을 보여주었다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 1995

목적 : 두경부종양 환자의 방사선치료시 두경부의 고정에 흔히 이용되는 Aquaplast가 광자선의 표면선량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 이 실험을 시행하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 6MV X-선(Siemens Mevatron 6740)의 표면선량과 선량증가영역의 선량을 PTW Frieburg 제작의 Markus chamber와 Capintec Model WK92 Electrometer를 이용하여 측정 하였다. $25{\times}25{\times}5cm^3$ 크기 아크릴판의 중앙에 고정된 전리함을 $25{\times}25{\times}5cm^3$ 크기의 폴리스티렌 팬톰 위에 올려 놓고 표면선량을 측정한 후 적당한 두께의 폴리스티렌 팬톰판을 올려가면서 선량증가영역의 선량을 측정하였다. 1.6mm 두께의 Aquaplast(WFR Aquaplast Corp. 제작)를 원형 그대로, 그리고 실제 환자의 고정시와 비슷한 정도로 변형시킨 상태로 전리함 위에 올려 놓은 후 각각 같은 방법으로 선량을 측정하였다. 또 트레이를 장착한 후 변형된 Aquaplast가 있는 상태에서와 없는 상태에서 각각 표면선량을 측정하였다. 모든 측정은 SSD 100cm에서 시행하였으며 $5{\times}5cm^4$, $10{\times}10cm^2$, $15{\times}15cm^2$의 세 가지 크기의 조사면에 대하여 각각 측정하였다. 표면선량과 선량증가영역의 선량 백분율은 Markus chamber의 과반응을 교정하기 위하여 Gerbi와 Khan이 제시한 식을 이용하여 구하였다. 결과 : $5{\times}5cm^2$, $10{\times}10cm^2$, $15{\times}15cm^2$의 조사면에서 표면선량은 각각 $7.9\%$, $13.6\%$, $18.7\%$ 이었고 원형 그대로의 Aquaplast가 있을 경우 표면선량은 각각 $38.4\%$, $43.6\%$, $47.4\%$ 이었으며 변형된 Aquaplast가 있을 경우의 표면선량은 각각 $31.2\%$, $36.1\%$, $40.5\%$ 이었다. 최대선량점 이상의 깊이에서는 거의 비슷한 선량 백분율을 보였다. 트레이는 조사면의 크기가 증가함에 따라 Aquaplast가 없을 경우 $0.2\%$, $1.7\%$, $3.0\%$의 표면선량 증가에 기여하였으며 변형된 Aquaplast가 있을 경우 $0.2\%$, $1.9\%$, $3.7\%$의 표면선량 증가를 보였다. 결론 : Aquaplast를 사용하지 않았을 경우에 비하여 Aquaplast를 원형 그대로 사용하였을 경우 약 $30\%$, 실제 환자의 고정시와 비슷한 정도로 변형하였을 경우 약 $22\%$의 표면선랑 증가를 가져왔으며 최대선량점 깊이 이상에서의 선량 백분율에는 건의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 실제 환자에서의 Aquaplast의 사용은 피부 및 선량증가영역의 선량을 약간 증가시키지만 임상적으로 크게 문제가 되지는 않을 것으로 생각된다.