• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-31
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• 2019

Green spaces are recognised for the benefits. They bring to the quality of people's lives. However, since the 1980s there has been a general increase in poorly-managed green spaces. In an attempt to address this issue, green space policy has changed its focus on green space management through the gradual introduction of green space evaluation tools, such as the Green Flag Award (GFA). The GFA, as an established green space evaluation tool in the UK, reflects a shift in policy drivers of green spaces management. However, there is a lack of research investigating the contextualisation between a wide range of policy contexts and such green space evaluation tools (the GFA in this study). The aims of this study are therefore to explore the development of green space evaluation since the late 1990s, with respect to the growth of the GFA and its impact on other evaluation tools across the UK and several countries. To address the aims, this study employs in-depth literature reviews on UK green space policy mainly conducted by government. In addition, case studies are presented, focusing on the GFA and independent green space evaluation tools intrinsically derived from the GFA in the UK's cities and Nordic countries. Results show that based on the awareness of the severity of declining standards of green spaces, newly emerging policy arrangements have been adopted to address negative issues, which affect the standard of green spaces such as the transfer of responsibility for green space management, the implementation of Compulsory Competitive Tendering and ongoing budget cuts. Significantly, the GFA's indicators reflect the emerging changes of economic and social contexts associated with green spaces management where, in particular, the prospect of continuous budget cuts, which encourages communities to become involved in green space management. The GFA has widely contributed to leading such UK's cities and other countries to be able to create their independent green space evaluation tools in different approaches based on stakeholders' (mainly community) involvement in the decision-making process of green space evaluation. In conclusion, this study implies that successful green space evaluation tools do embody the value of green spaces and address drivers of emerging green space management with correspondence to the context of policy arrangements. Importantly, stakeholders have an opportunity to be involved in a partnership in the decision-making process through some green space evaluation tools. It is hoped that for well-managed green spaces this study will contribute valuable knowledge to our existing understanding of green space management in an era of austerity.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.239-248
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors for service contracts that affect the successful bid price rate, focusing on the case of the country market. In the study, ordering organizations and bidders differentiated themselves from existing studies by analyzing service contracts that affect the successful bid price rate in a wide range of country markets. Comparative analysis of the awarding price ratio for services, this work provides a comparable result to the existing results in the previous literature. The analytical model used five independent variables such as budget, contract method, the days of the public notice, the awarding method, and the lowest awarding ratio. In the survey and analysis, big data was collected using text mining for service bids for Nara Market over the past 18 years and data was analyzed in a multi-dimensional way. The results of the analysis are as follows, (1) if budget does not determine the awarding price ratio. This is not the case in small amounts. (2) The contract method affects the awarding price ratio. (3) The days of the public notice increase, the awarding price ratio decrease. (4) the awarding method affects the awarding price ratio. (5) The lowest awarding ratio determines the awarding price ratio. Based on the results of empirical analysis, policy implications were sought.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.99-122
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• 2024

This study investigated librarians' awareness of and demand for the librarian learning community in order to successfully introduce and operate the librarian learning community. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted targeting current librarians and a total of 474 responses were collected. The main analysis results are as follows. Firstly, librarians showed a very low awareness of the librarian learning community, while they highly evaluated the purpose and significance of such a community. Secondly, the motivations for librarians to participate in the librarian learning community were primarily focused on professional growth, solidarity with colleagues, and satisfaction of intellectual curiosity, in that order. Thirdly, the ultimate values of the librarian learning community were identified as improving library services, enhancing professionalism, fostering collaborative group exploration, sharing values and visions. Fourthly, the success factors of the librarian-learning community were ranked as follows: member voluntarism, a culture of collaboration among members, dedicated time (once a week), and a supportive environment (budget, space, etc.). On the other hand, the failure factors were identified as a lack of time due to heavy workloads, lack of member voluntarism, indifference from superiors, and insufficient support environment (budget, space, etc.). Finally, the willingness to participate is also very high. Furthermore, it was observed that there is a wide range of interests in various topics among librarians. The results of this study are expected to be useful as basic data for determining practical operation methods or selecting topics when operating a librarian learning community in the future.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.193-203
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• 2013

The social welfare service is expanding to different field as the social welfare budget is increasing. By this opportunity, it needs to make clear of the basis of argument that the necessity of development of korean government's support and aid by social policy should be worked. Welfare economics perspective, this study used by the operating expenditure in welfare facilities for the elderly old people to effect social benefits to be gained, in other words, business value analysis. Local elderly people, provide opportunities to participate in the economic activities of the family welfare services offered to attainment of the elderly welfare policy, and provide disease prevention and health promotion opportunities, to enhance the satisfaction of life, including a wide range of impact will cause. In this study, elderly people use the welfare facilities for the elderly when they get the benefits by applying the AHP analysis techniques operating value was calculated. Elderly Welfare Center operated by the result of applying P senior welfare center Case of the metropolitan area value was estimated 248.4 billion won. Contribute to the effects caused by the cost factor of the analysis was 23.1% of the total 57.3 billion won. Independence elements 57.6 billion (23.2%), the analysis of the therapeutic elements 133.4 billion (53.7%) of the net was. The result of the study anticipates the role of basic research material for the necessity of intervention, support, and aid by the Welfare facilities for the elderly field at this point in time where the welfare budget policy in terms of universal social service is reinforced, rather than the trend, until recently, of realizing the Elderly welfare budget and service as Consumption expenditure and consumable benefits and the function of performing the effect and evaluation in tentative action of social conflict.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.65-78
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• 2011

Construction business, which is complex and long-term business, requires accurate estimation and verification in construction costs and payment procedure from project planning to the completion of construction phase. And more importantly, it is necessary to investigate and determine the risk factors related to construction costs during the entire process including design planning, construction drawings, and quantity calculating. But, currently, it is not seem to be adequate to cope with the risk and increased construction costs against the operational budget in terms of actual costs when screening and estimating the bidding cost of public apartment. Therefore, this study selected and analyzed 40 sites' report of construction completion account from 2004 to 2010 focused on the adequacy on the modification of contract and design planning and on the complication of the budget in the beginning of the project. This study deducted various risk causes and results by analyzing actual costs according to year, architectural area, region, construction cost and sale/lease classification. We could find out construction risk according to annual variation of government policy and economy, and also deducted risk items by construction characteristic according to region and architectural area. Study result, we first found out the problems of lowest price award system according to the construction costs. The weight of the cost increase risk was analyzed that subcontract and material costs are very high. Roof and tile work were analyzed highly in subcontract cost risk and reinforcing bar and cement were analyzed highly in material cost risk, among direct construction cost. Finally, this study results could be used in comparing the categories of the construction costs made by specific construction process, belonging to the construction costs, with the operational budget made in the beginning of the project that can enable to grasp unpredictable risks over the construction costs and making quantitative analysis for it through analyzing the range of fluctuation and variations led by the fluctuations in the actual construction costs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.205-212
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• 1999

It is certain that EC(Electronic Commerce) applying the internet will be activated in the knowledge society of 21 century based on IT(Information Technology). Though this change of social environment helps the useful information resource available to expand, it looks like that the rapid inclease in lots of information to gather makes colleges, reseach laboratories and public institutions to spend more man power and money on work of book purchases than before and now. Therefore the most urgent part for the business process reengineering in work of information service center is the business of book purchases. The business of book purchases is the core part in organizations and facilities. It should construct the books which the organigation and facility need in the most economical and efficient way within the range of physically receptive capacity with the limited budget. These organigations and facilities have to establish the policy of the book stock which they should possess and also librarians should endeavour to configure the kernel book stock constantly. I assert that they need to ensure a specialty with the improvement of business process accompanying choosing and purchasing the books. Especially, in a case of purchasing foreign books by request of members like professors, students, researcher and so on they have to replace the business of book purchase using agency with direct dealing using EC. This Business Process Reengineering will cut down on expenses, offer the transparency of book purchases and also give the users confidence. Moreover the Business Process Reengineering make it possible to build well constructed main books and information resource. The people in charge are enabled to acquire the knowledge of subjects with contiuous search for books of a spcial area and self-study. These experts in work will raise the quality of information service. Information service center will be the core in the 21c knowledge industry. To streng then value of it, efficiently run it and control it the existing business of book purchasing should be replace with direct dealing using EC applying the internet.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.69-92
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• 2013

Activity Pattern Analysis(APA) is the methodology to Design the functions of information systems, to Estimate the monetary value of IS based on Activity Based Costing, to Acquire feasibility of IT Project. This study shows APA case in Health Check-up Service Organization (G-Center) and the Utility of APA. G-Center had acquired Five Outcomes through APA: (1) IT Strategy, (2) IT Project Goals, (3) Transformed Business Process, (4) Functional Blueprint of Information Systems, (5) IT Project budget and its feasibility. APA consists of three analysis processes; Activity Separation, Activity Rearrangement, Activity Costing. APA is flexible in determinating the range and the time of analysis, and is able to expand the Actors(as analysis objects) based on the purpose of analysis by researcher. Eventually APA can be used to do internal IT Management effectively.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2012

A bidirectional TDM-PON link to support 2.5 Gb/s upstream signals of 256 ONUs was considered for an extended transmission distance of 50 km. The power budget of the link was 58 dB for the upstream signal and a SOA was applied as a link extender which had a 25 dB gain. Receiver sensitivity of the upstream signal was -25 dBm for -30 dBm input power to the SOA. When the input power was -10 dBm, pulse overshooting caused by gain transient of the SOA was maximum at 45% and the signal performance degradation gave a power penalty of 1.55 dB for $10^{-12}$ BER. However the penalties diminished rapidly and became negligible as the input power went below -15 dBm. So this input power dynamic range of up to -15 dBm means that it is not positively necessary to use gain control methods for the next generation TDM-PON systems.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.115-122
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• 2016

OBJECTIVES : This study develops an evaluation method, which is useful to inspect pavement condition of specific boroughs. This is because pavement condition is broadly divided into five grades via visual inspection, which does not consider the types of deteriorations, and is decided by an investigator having a subjective viewpoint. This visual inspection method is not a satisfactory method for accurate maintenance when various deteriorations occur. METHODS : The performance model considers several factors such as crack, rutting, and IRI. This method is also modified from borough SPI based on SPI (Seoul Pavement Index). Considering limited budget of borough, PI (prediction index) is suggested, which is related to the grade of pavement condition evaluation and type of materials. Practical correlation review is also conducted with statistical verification by using the Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS : The results of the study show that modified criteria are reasonable. First, the comparison between the visual inspection result and the SPI result indicates that the R-square value is sufficiently high. Second, through the common section, each evaluation method could be compared, and the result shows considerable similarity, which increases when the range is modified. Finally, PI for predicting remaining life and the random number SPI have common parts, which means that each indicator would be adequate to be used as an evaluation method. CONCLUSIONS : Comparison and analysis results show that the developed evaluation method is reasonable for specific boroughs where financial support is inadequate for the evaluation process by using the newer equipment. Moreover, for more accurate evaluation method, previous visual inspection data should be utilized, and the database of inspection equipment have to be collected.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.603-613
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• 2004

Extensive forest fires occurred across the border in Russia. particularly east of Lake Baikal between the Amur and Lena rivers in May 2003. These forest fires released large amounts of particulates and gases into the atmosphere. resulting in adverse effects on regional air quality and the global radiation budget. Smoke pollution from the Russian fires near Lake Baikal was sometimes transported to Korea through Mongolia and eastern China. In this study ground based radiation (visible and UV-B) data measured during May 2003 at Seoul and Kwangju were analyzed to estimate smoke aerosol impacts on solar radiation. Surface criteria air pollutants ($PM_{10}$, CO, $O_3$) data were also obtained from National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) during smoke aerosol event period (19 May~24 May 2003). Large Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) 1.0~3.0 was observed during this period due to the influence of the long range transport of smoke aerosol plume from the Russian fires, resulting in short-wavelength direct aerosol radiative forcing of -90~ -200W/$m^2$. These smoke aerosol plume caused decrease in surface UV-B radiation up to 80% and increase in PM_(10) concentration up to 200${\mu}g/m^3$ exceeding the 24 hour ambient air quality standard.