• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1996

Fourteen dictyostelids(12 species of genus Dictyostelium. 2 species of genus Polysphonylium) oc-curred in Mt. Chiri Korea. Soils samples were collected from the nine sites. In the broadleaved-deciduous forests and conifers, common species of cellular slime molds are Dictyostelium mucoroides, and D. brefeldianum. Only two species are above 30 in importance value and above 50% in presence. Dominant species in the broadleaved-deciduous forests is D. mecoroides wheras in the conifer forests is D. brefeldianum which was not common until now in Korea, found in the low elevation either. In addition, Five cellular slime molds occured in the Miscanthus sinensis community: 4 species of genus Dictyostelium and 1 species of genus Polysphonylium. Dominant species is D. purpureum. Importance value is very high, 85. This Result is exceptively unusual. It dind't occur in the other sites. Correlation between the altitudes and the occurrence and distribution of dictyostelids was not accurate. Merely dominant species were different according to forest types and organic matter contents in soil. Cellular slime molds have different favorite forest types. And the growth and germination are dependent on the soil enviroryrnental conditions and soil quility. Key words:Dictyostelids, Mt. Chiri D. mecoroides, D. brefeldianum. D. purpureum. Soil quility, Favorite forest type, Soil environmental condition.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.126-142
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• 2020

Background: Most of the Pinus densiflora forests, occupying the largest area, have been restored in South Korea since the 1970s. As young pioneer forests, the succession process is under way. Since the forests are distributed nationwide and are vulnerable to disturbances, the process may differ depending on the geography and/or site conditions. Therefore, we reviewed the direction, the seral communities, and the late-successional species of progressive and disturbance-driven succession nationwide in the cool-temperate zone through meta-analysis and empirical observations. Main text: As a result of a meta-analysis of the direct succession and vertical structure, we found that the P. densiflora forest is in a directionally progressive succession, changing to the broadleaved forest after forming a mixed forest with its overwhelming successor, Quercus species (particularly Q. mongolica and Q. serrata). In dry stands in a relative sense, the Quercus species was favored occupying over 80% of the abundance of the succeeding species. Therefore, in dry stands, it is presumed that Quercus-dominated stage would last for a long time due to the current dominance and long life span, and eventually, it settles as Quercus-broadleaved forest with a site change. Contrary to this, it is presumed that in mesic stands where Quercus species do not occur or have low abundance, the late-successional broadleaved species settle early to form a co-dominant forest with multiple species. Due to geographical limits, the species composition of the two late-successional forests is different. Disturbances such as insect pests and fire retrogressed vulnerable P. densiflora forest for a while. However, it was mostly restored to the Quercus forest and is expected to be incorporated in the pathway of the dry stand. Conclusions: We revealed the succession process of P. densiflora forests according to geography and moisture and found that stand moisture had a decisive effect on the species and abundance of the successor. Although the P. densiflora forest is undergoing structural changes, the forest is still young; so within a few decades, physiognomy is not likely to change. Therefore, the decrease in the forest area may be due to other causes such as disturbances and forest conversion rather than due to succession.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2007

The forest canopy gap has been well known as a substantial process of forest cyclic regeneration and important role in stand structure, dynamics, and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. Based on 3,600 $5m{\times}5m$ square grids in a 9ha permanent experimental plot, the study was conducted to evaluate the regeneration pattern of woody species by developmental stage {seedlings (<1 m of height), saplingI (>1 m of height, <2 cm of DBH), and saplingII (2 cm$<200m^2$), $201-400m^2$, $400-600m^2$, $601-800m^2$, and $>800m^2$) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. The results indicated that the regenerating trees of Populus ussuriensis occurred only in the canopy gap area, considered to be a typical gap-dependent species. The regeneration of Ulmus japonica, Ulmus laciniata, and Maackia amurensis could be generally satisfied with the gap size of $201-600m^2$, Betula costata and Prunus padus with gap size of $401-800m^2$, Picea koraiensis with gap size of $201-800m^2$, Fraxinus mandshurica and Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica with smaller than $800m^2$, respectively. Acer ukurunduense and Acer tegmentosum were likely to have no problem with the gap size to make gap regeneration. Acer mono and Tilia amurensis looked more capable of regenerating in the closed canopy disregarding the upper crown condition. The regeneration of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis had no trouble under the canopy condition in less than $800m^2$of gap size. The density of regenerating shrubs was rather high, especially under the closed canopy, considered to be associated with great amount of regeneration production in such shade tolerant species as Lonicera maackii, Corylus mandshurica, Euonymus pauciflorus, and Philadelphus schrenkii under the closed canopy. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to compare the similarity among non-gap area and five gap size classes by developmental stages for trees and shrubs. The similarity coefficients among closed canopy and the gap size classes were mostly significantly correlated to each other with a few exceptions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.730-736
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• 2007

The heterogeneity of forest environment plays an important role in the structure and dynamics of tree population, the composition of forest community, and the maintenance of species diversity. Based upon the research data of the nine hectare permanent plot in the typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest, this study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of spatial pattern of Acer tegmentosum population for seedlings, saplings, and living and dead trees so as to evaluate the effect of micro-topography on spatial pattern of the species. The results noted that A. tegmentosum preferred to gentle slopes. There was no difference in density of seedlings by the variation of aspect, but the density of saplings, and living and dead trees was high on the western and southeastern slopes. Living trees of A. tegmentosum showed the clumped pattern for all scales within 150 m and highest at the scale of 30 m. Dead stems of the species indicated the clumped pattern within 111 m, highest at the scale of 72 m, and random pattern beyond the scale of 111 m (P < 0.01 ). The similarity of occurrence by developmental stages of A. tegmentosum showed that seedlings vs. saplings, saplings vs. living trees, and living trees vs. dead stems had highly positive correlation to each other, respectively (P < 0.01 ), indicating that the occurrence of previous developmental stages was positively correlated to following stages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2021

This study developed an estimation model for litterfall input using the stand parameters (basal area, stand density, mean DBH, and carbon stocks of the aboveground tree biomass) collected from the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands of seven regions in Gyeongsangnam-do. The mean annual litterfall was 2,779 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for needles, 883 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for miscellaneous, 611 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for broadleaved, 513 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for branches, and 340 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for bark litter. The mean annual total litterfall was 5,051 kg ha^-1 year^-1. Litterfall components were significantly correlated with stand parameters, except for broadleaved litter. A stronger correlation was observed between the carbon stock of the aboveground tree biomass and all the litterfall components compared with the other stand variables. The allometric equations for all the litterfall components were significant (P < 0.05), with the stand parameters accounting for 5%-43% and 8%-42% of the variation in the needle litter and total litterfall, respectively. The results indicated that the annual litterfall inputs of the Korean red pine stands on a regional scale can be effectively estimated by allometric equations using the basal area and carbon stocks of the aboveground tree biomass.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 2018

Mt. Bongeui is a neighborhood park of 66.4 ha as a major natural landscape resource located in the center of Chuncheon City. This study quantified the reduction of carbon, $SO_2$, $NO_2$, $O_3$, and $PM_{2.5}$, and the production of $O_2$ to explore the role for Mt. Bongeui to contribute to annual atmospheric purification. The main forest types and age classes of the study site included age-class III broadleaved forest at 35.8%, age-class VI coniferous forest at 17.2%, and age-class IV broadleaved forest at 15.7%. The annual atmospheric purification effect per unit area was as follows: 7.6 t carbon/ha/yr, 16.6 kg $SO_2/ha/yr$, 40.4 kg $NO_2/ha/yr$, 41.5 kg $O_3/ha/yr$, 53.7 kg $PM_{2.5}/ha/yr$, and 20.2 t $O_2/ha/yr$. The economic value of these effects was equivalent to about 12.9 million KRW/ha/yr. The study site annually offset carbon emissions of about 300 citizens, $SO_2$ emissions of 220 citizens, and $NO_2$ emissions of 92 citizens in Chuncheon. It also played an important role in annually producing 1.5% of the amount of $O_2$ necessary for the respiration of Chuncheon's total population. This study pioneers in comprehensively quantifying the atmospheric purification effect and could be useful in guiding the planning and management to improve the effect.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.597-602
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• 2005

The Late Quaternary palynoflora from an archaeological site in Piseo-ri, Muan, Korea consists predominately of deciduous broadleaved angiosperms and subordinately of herbs and conifers. Dominant taxa are Polypodiaceae, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Alnus, Carpinus, deciduous Quercus, Compositae and Gramineae. The palynoflora dated 43,000-18,000 yr BP, corresponding to the last glacial period, is similar to the modern vegetation of the cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Based on palynofloral composition, three palynozones are recognized. Zone I represents a cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest, composed of Polypodiaceae, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Alnus and D. Quercus, and is characterized by persistent occurrence of warm temperate taxa. Zone II shows drastic decrease in Polypodiaceae, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, and increase in herbs. This zone reflects a cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest with scattered open grasslands. Zone III is characterized by dominance in herbs and increase in conifers. The palynofloral composition suggests a cool temperate climate, and variation in occurrences of main taxa indicates that climatic conditions gradually became cold and dry.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil mites(Acarina:Cryptostigmata) and vegetation in sampled area. From July 1984 to June 1985, samples were taken monthly from coniferous forests; a pinenut (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) forest (site C-1), a whitepine(Pinus strobus L.) forest (site C-2), a needle fir tree(Abies holophyla Max.) forest (site C-3), and three broad-leaved forests; site B-1, B-2, and B-3 in Cholanamdo province, southerm part of Korea. Vascular plants of 152 species belonging to 115 genera (53 families) were identified. The flora in the coniferous forests were more diverse than in the broad-leaved forest. Similarity coefficient to the flora was shown highly between the neighbouring sites. The oribatid species in the coniferous forests were more diverse than those in the broadleaved forests. The similarity index suggested that oribatid mites in those surveying sites could be divided into "coniferous forest type" and "broad-leaved forest type".d forest type".uot;.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.493-499
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• 2010

To obtain the basic data for the conservation and cultivation of major native herb species under the trees, distribution of native herb species, and corrrlations between native herb species and site factors were studied on natural broadleaved forest in Mt. Gariwang and Mt. Jungwang, Pyeunchang-gun. 136 native herb species were distributed in studied area, and the importance percentage of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was proved the highest, 10.8%. The other major herb species were the following oders, Meehania urticifolia, Corydalis remota, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Carex siderosticta, Pseudostellaria palibiniana, Erythronium japonicum, Ligularia fischeri, Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum, Hylomecon vernalis and Astilbe rubra var. rubra. Highly positive correlations were proved Hepatica asiatica and Ainsliaea acerifolia, Pimpinella brachycarpa and Aconitum jaluense subsp. jaluense, Aconitum jaluense subsp. jaluense and Smilacina japonica var. japonica, Meehania urticifolia and Pseudostellaria palibiniana. Seven groups of native herb species were divided by cluster analysis. Preferring site factors for each native herb species were determined. Ligularia fischeri, Ainsliaea acerifolia, Parasenecio auriculata var. matsumurana, Erythronium japonicum and Pimpinella brachycarpa were distributed mainly on the higher sites, Ligularia fischeri were ditributed more frequently in deep soil sites. These results might be useful measures in the conservation and cultivation of native edible and medicinal herb species on the forest floor in the natual broadleaved forest, Pyeungchang-gun.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.547-557
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• 2012

This study purposed to estimate the forest biomass using k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. Multiple data sources were used for the analysis such as forest type map, field survey data and Landsat TM data. The accuracy of forest biomass was evaluated with the forest stratification, horizontal reference area (HRA) and spatial filtering. Forests were divided into 3 types such as conifers, broadleaved, and Korean pine (Pinus koriansis) forests. The applied radii of HRA were 4 km, 5 km and 10 km, respectively. The estimated biomass and mean bias for conifers forest was 222 t/ha and 1.8 t/ha when the value of k=8, the radius of HRA was 4 km, and $5{\times}5$ modal was filtered. The estimated forest biomass of Korean pine was 245 t/ha when the value of k=8, the radius of HRA was 4km. The estimated mean biomass and mean bias for broadleaved forests were 251 t/ha and -1.6 t/ha, respectively, when the value of k=6, the radius of HRA was 10 km. The estimated total forest biomass by k-NN method was 799,000t and 237 t/ha. The estimated mean biomass by ${\kappa}NN$method was about 1t/ha more than that of filed survey data.