• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.1085-1092
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• 2002

Changes in laundering habits and the efficacy claims made for oxygen bleach added to detergents necessitate a deeper investigation into the testing of the washing efficacy of detergents and washing process. The effect of the addition of a sodium percarbonate and bleach activator TAED to an enzyme containing detergent on the soil removal and antimicrobial properties were investigated with the measuring of residual H$_2$O$_2$. The addition of sodium percarbonates to enzyme containing detergent lowered the soil removal of EMPA 116 cloth. But sodium percarbonates had greater effects on that of colored stained cloths such as EMPA 115 and artificially soiled with wine and red pepper while they were presoaked at 20$^{\circ}C$ or higher for So minutes or longer. Most of hydrogen peroxide was remained after washing. Over 99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus on the cotton cloth was removed in every washing solutions, but the cloth washed with enzyme containing detergent or detergent with oxygen bleach didn't show the antimicrobial property.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.100-110
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• 2016

Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMP) of Pinus densiflora harvested from domestic mountains was explored. APMP contributes to various advantages including pulp quality, elimination of the need for a bleaching process, and energy savings. Sequential treatment of impregnation of bleaching chemicals and refining not only overcome the concern of alkaline darkening of wood chips during chemical impregnation, but it also brightens the chips to the desired brightness levels suitable for writing and printing papers. APMP pulping from Pinus densiflora was greatly influenced by the dosage levels of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide. Alkaline peroxide treatment was carried out by applying one of three levels of hydrogen peroxide (1.5, 3, and 4.5% based on the oven-dried weight of the wood chips) and one of three levels of sodium hydroxide (1.5, 3, and 4.5% based on the oven-dried weight of the wood chips). Other chemicals including a peroxide stabilizers and metal chelation were constantly added for all treatments. Chemical treatment with a liquor-to-wood ration of 9:1 was carried out in a laboratory digestor. Compared to BTMP, APMP pulping displayed outstanding characteristics including the less requirement of refining energy, the better improvement of tensile strength, the more reduction of shives, and the greater increase of pulp brightness. In particular, when 4.5% of hydrogen peroxide with impregnation during 90 minutes was used, the brightness of APMP reached 64.9% ISO. Even though bulk of APMP was decreased with the increase of sodium hydroxide, a better and improved balance could be achieved between optical and strength properties. The spent liquor obtained from the discharge of the impregnation process at the dosage level of 4.5% hydrogen peroxide exhibited an equal level of residual peroxide with BTMP. In conclusion, APMP pulping showed successful results with Pinus densiflora due to its better response to the development of optical and physical properties compared to TMP pulping.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.16-29
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• 2009

본고는 펄프 제지산업 폐수에 함유된 오염물질들의 특성과 생물학적 처리기술들에 대해 설명한다. 펄프 제지산업 폐수는 고농도의 생화학적 산소요구량 (BOD)과 화학적 산소요구량 (COD)을 포함하고 높은 독성을 보이며 강한 흑갈색을 띠는 것이 특징이다. 특히, 펄프의 표백공정에서 리그닌의 염소화에 의해 다이옥신, 퓨란과 같은 독성의 유기염소화합물이 형성된다는 것이 알려져있다. 이에 따라 최근 펄프 제지산업은 기존의 표백처리를 무염소공정(TCF)으로 대체하고 있다. 펄프 제지산업 폐수처리에 사용되는 모든 생물학적 기술들은 폐수와 박테리아의 접촉 메커니즘에 기반을 두고 있는데, 이것은 박테리아가 폐수 내 유기물질을 먹이로 이용하여 세포로 전환함으로써 폐수 내 BOD농도를 감소시키는 것이다. 펄프 제지산업 폐수의 생물학적 처리에서 호기성 처리와 혐기성 처리 모두 효과적인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 뿐만 아니라, 최근 곰팡이류를 이용한 생물학적 처리, 생물-응집-여과기법을 혼용한 처리 등도 폐수처리분야에 새롭게 적용되었다. 이러한 기술들로 처리된 폐수를 펄프 제지공정에 재활용함으로써 제조공정의 물소비량을 상당히 감소시킬 수 있다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

Nowadays, Tra catfish fat is given attention as an appropriate material for biodiesel production in Vietnam. The aim of this work is to investigate the optimal conditions of refining biodiesel and recovering glycerin by the transesterification from Tra catfish fat using KOH catalyst. As our results, the yield of transesterification was achieved to 94.17% at $50^{\circ}C$ for 45 min with 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to fat in the presence of 0.8% KOH catalyst, and wherein the biodiesel was refined by washing with distilled water at $70^{\circ}C$ and dried in a microwave oven. The yield of raw glycerin recoveries from the transesterification process was 78.58%. The purity of raw glycerin was 84.14% by the conditions of neutralization state with $H_{3}PO_{4}$ solution (pH = 5), $70^{\circ}C$, and 60 min. Activated carbon (3.0 wt.%) was used for the bleaching process at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. The biodiesel was obtained in accordance with for ASTM D 6751 (biodiesel standard). The ash and water of raw glycerins were 7.32 and 8.01%, respectively, and implied that the raw glycerin is very promising candidate to be used as a raw material for textile and cosmetic industries.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1997

탈검, 탈산, 탈색과 탈취 등의 정제 과정이 참기름에 존재하는 항산화 물질과 금속의 함량에 미치는 영향과 $70^{\circ}C$에서 저장 중 참기름의 산화 안정성과 항산화물질의 변화에 관하여 시험하였다. 철, 구리, 마그네슘 및 아연의 금속은 탈검 과정에서 거의 대부분이 제거되었다. 조참기름과 탈검유는 저장 동안에 총 휘발성 화합물의 양에 거의 변화가 없었으며, 탈산유와 탈취유는 저장 초기에서부터 총 휘발성 화합물의 양이 현저하게 증가하였다. 동정된 휘발성 산화 생성물 중 hexanal과 pentanal의 변화가 가장 뚜렷하였으며, 탈산, 탈색과 탈취 등의 정제 과정을 거친 시료들은 저장 초기에 이러한 산화 생성물의 증가가 현저하였다. Sesamin은 정제와 저장동안에 비교적 안정하였고, sesamolin은 정제 과정과 저장 중에 뚜렷하게 감소하였다. Sesamol은 탈산 과정까지는 감소하다가 탈색 과정을 거치면서 급격히 증가하였고, 탈취 과정에서 거의 제거되었다. 저장 중 sesamolin이 계속 감소되면서 sesamol의 증가가 수반되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 1991

Steam-exploded woods were delignified by two-stage with a 0.3% NaOH extraction and oxygen-alkali bleaching and were subjected to the enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase enzyme. Also, an improved almost quantitative recycle process of cellulase enzyme was discussed. In enzyme recovery by affinity method, The first recycling showed relatively high hydrolysis rate of 96.4%. Even at the third recycle, hydrolysis rate was 87.0 percents. In the case of cellulase recovery by ultrafiltration method, first 2 recycling treatments resulted in very high hydrolysis rates, 96.8% and 95.0%, respectively. Even the third recycling showed about 93.6%. Steam-explosion treatment of oak wood followed by 2-stage delignification with alkali and oxygen-alkali produced a excellant substrate for the enzymatic hydrolysis that allowed almost quantitative recycle of cellulase.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2001

The purification, dissolution and powdering of stained waste silk obtained from weaving and dyeing process were studied for the surface modification of textile fabric and plastic materials. The whiteness of stained waste silk could be improved through degumming and bleaching with sodium hydrosulfite. The water-soluble fibroin solution can be obtained by dissoving the degummed waste silk in a boiling solution of 50% calcium chloride for 60 minutes. The salts and heavy metals contained in fibroin solution were removed by electric dialysis, wool fiber filtration and gel filtration chromatography. The fibroin powder was prepared by using a fine grinder after the alkali treatment for weakening the silk fiber. The fine fibroin powder of particle size around 30 ㎛ was obtained with a ultra fine-mill, while it was finer below 10 ㎛ with a ball-mill. The dissolved or powdered silk was applied to the surface of fabric with addition of the binder (a urethane resin). The moisture content of polyester and nylon fabrics treated with the silk solution was improved due to hygroscopic property of silk. The fine fibroin powder mixed with the binder ws coated on the surface of synthetic film by use of the air pressed sprayer. It was revealed that the hygroscopicity as well as the softness of fibroin powder coated film was much improved. Therefore, it is thought that the fine silk fibroin powder is applicable as an coating agent for the surface modification of plastic and synthetic leather.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2011

In case of using rapid vacuum-freeze drying for high quality dry flower of flowering plant, the morphological and physiological characteristics of dry rose showed as the following. The dry ratio of about 82% presented after 1 day in case of using rapid vacuum-freeze drying and it was reached that the optimum storage water content of general dry products was 18%. The dry ratio of about 89% presented after 4 days. This result indicates very short dry time comparing with natural dry time of 12 days. Also, the morphological characteristics of flowering plant in case of vacuum-freeze drying showed similar shape with real flower. The contraction decreased about 9% comparing with real flower under dry time of 72 hours. But the contraction in case of natural dry decreased 36% and showed noticeable difference. The brightness which affects physiological characteristics of dry flowering plant showed lower values according to the dry process and chromaticity was thick. After 4 days, natural dry was thick with about 2 times comparing with vacuum-freeze drying. In case of vacuum-freeze drying, the quantity of anthocyanin and chlorophyl which affect discoloration and bleaching of dry flowering plant showed the clear difference comparing with natural dry method due to the sublimation by vacuum after rapid freeze with short initial time.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.522-530
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• 2007

This article investigates the use of distal demonstrative Hitlo in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) from a discourse-pragmatic perspective. The analysis is based on a 5-hour corpus of spoken data, including daily conversations, radio interviews, TV drama series, and some random examples. A total of 172 tokens of Hitlos are identified in the data. They can be divided into six categories according to their functions: firstly, exophoric usage, those Hitlos which refer to an object non-linguistically which can be identified in the immediate situation; secondly, endophoric usage, those which refer to an element textually; thirdly, referent introducing function, those which can be used to introduce a new but identifiable referent into the conversation (the referent usually has topical importance); fourthly, hedging expression, those which serve as a marker of imprecision; fifthly, a condition introducing marker, those which function as an indicator of the coming of a conditional sentence; finally, pause fillers, those which help speakers to manage speech turn or indicate the mental states In addition, an interactive function which Hitlo is found to serve will be discussed. Moreover, a grammaticalizational process involving semantic bleaching which Hitlo is probably undergoing is revealed in general. Finally, a filled demonstrative principle, stating that it may be a universal phenomenon to use demonstratives as filled pause will be proposed.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2007년도 Proceedings of The Convention
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• pp.129-139
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• 2007

Many modalities of treatment for acquired skin hyperpigmentation are available including chemical agents or physical therapies, but none are completely satisfactory. The ideal depigmenting compound should have a potent. rapid and selective bleaching effect on hyperactivated melanocytes, carry no short- or long-term side-effects and lead to a permanent removal of undesired pigment. acting at one or more steps of the pigmentation process. Depigmentation can be achieved by regulating (i) the transcription and activity of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), and/or peroxidase; (ii) the uptake and distribution of melanosomes in recipient keratinocytes and (iii) melanin and melanosome degradation and turnover of pigmented keratinocytes. One of the interesting point for development of skin whitening agent is Mitf(Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor). Mitf belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix-zip family of trabscription factors and it is crucial as it regulates both melanocyte proliferation as well as melanogenesis and is the major regulator of tyrosinase and the related enzymes (TRPs), as well as many melanosome structural proteins such as pMel17. Recently, we developed MITF-down-regulating agents from natural and synthetic sources, which have anti-melanogenic effect on in vitro and in vivo. We suggested that potent MITF-down regulating agents might be used for skin whitening cosmeceuticals.