• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to examine the egg development in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara and the morphological development of its larvae and juveniles, and to obtain data for taxonomic research. This study was conducted in June 2013, and 50 male and female fish were used for the study. One hundred ${\mu}g/kg$ of LHRHa was injected into the body of the fish for inducing spawning, and the fish were kept in a small-sized fish holder ($2{\times}2{\times}2m$). Eggs were colorless transparent free pelagic eggs, 0.71-0.77 mm large (mean $0.74{\pm}0.02mm$, n=30), and had an oil globule. Hatching started within 27 h after fertilization. Pre-larvae that emerged just after hatching were 2.02-2.17 mm in total length (mean $2.10{\pm}0.11mm$), their mouth and anus were not opened yet, and the whole body was covered with a membrane fin. Post-larvae that emerged 15 days post hatching were 3.88-4.07 mm in total length (mean $3.98{\pm}0.13mm$), and had a ventral fin with two rays and a caudal fin with eight rays. Juveniles that were formed at 55 d post hatching, were 31.9-35.2 mm in total length (mean $33.6{\pm}2.33mm$), with red color deposited over the entire body, and black chromophores deposited in a spotted pattern. The number of fin rays, body color, and shape were the same as that in the adult fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1379-1387
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• 2013

In a majority of mammals, male infants have heavier body mass and grow faster than female infants. Accordingly, male offspring nursing requires a much greater maternal energy contribution to lactation. It is possible that the maternal-fetal immunoendocrine dialog plays an important role in female preparation for lactation during pregnancy. Immune system genes are an integral part of gene regulatory networks in lactation and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF{\alpha}$) is a proinflammatory cytokine that also plays an important role in normal mammary gland development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sex of calf and/or the -824A/G polymorphism in the promoter region of $TNF{\alpha}$ gene on milk performance traits in Black Pied cattle over the course of lactation. We also studied the allele frequency differences of -824A/G variants across several cattle breeds, which were bred in different climatic conditions. The G allele frequency decreased gradually over the course of lactation events in the Black Pied dairy cattle because of a higher culling rate of cows with the G/G genotype (p<0.001). In contrast to the genotypes A/A and A/G, cows with G/G genotype showed significant variability of milk and milk fat yield subject to sex of delivered calf. Milk yield and milk fat yield were significantly higher in the case of birth of a bull calf than with a heifer calf (p<0.03). The G allele frequency varies from 48% to 58% in Grey Ukrainian and Black Pied cattle to 77% in aboriginal Yakut cattle. Our results suggest that the $TNF{\alpha}$-824A/G gene polymorphism may have an influence on the reproductive efforts of cows over the course of lactation events depending on the sex of progeny. Allocation of resources according to sex of the calf allows optimizing the energy cost of lactation. This may be a probable reason for high G allele frequency in Yakut cattle breeding in extreme environmental conditions. Similarly, the dramatic fall in milk production after birth of a heifer calf increases the probability of culling for the cows with the G/G genotype in animal husbandry.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 1996

Four strains of Beauveria bassiana F101, F587, F9 and FJ8, were received from Forestry Research Institute,Seoul. The strain, B. bassiana F101, was the most active in the enzymatic activity and spore production. Whenspores of B. bassiana FlOl were sprayed on the female larva of the black tipped sawfly with various concentrationsof 6 xl 0'~-10s~p ores/ml, insects started to die from 5-7 days, and were covered with mycelia andspores in 24-28 days at 25"C, while the insect did not show visible symptoms even after 50 days at 4'C. Theinsect injected with 5 pl of spore solution (3X l0'~-10s~p oreslml) died within 30-98 and 38-218 hours at25$^{\circ}$C and 4"C, respectively. About 3 days (60 hours) after the injection with a concentration of 3 x lo9 spores1ml, at the point of the insect's death, lots of proteins started to disappear '||'&'||' the hemolymph, fat body and carcaseat 25'C. Esterase activity in the tissues was gone suddenly after that time. Six days after the spray, manyprotein and esterase bands were lost in the hemolymph, but not those in the fat body and carcase. When thefungi growing in the host were exposed in the air, they put energy for spore production, while numerous longand thin mycelia branched out from the host body in the soil.e host body in the soil.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2016

3-Methylpentane ($C_6H_{14}$, CAS No. 96-14-0), isomer of hexane, is a colorless liquid originating naturally from petroleum or natural gas liquids. 3-Methylpentane has been used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant, and as a raw material for producing carbon black. There is limited information available on the inhalation toxicity of 3-methylpentane, and the aim of this study was to determine its subacute inhalation toxicity. According to OECD Test Guideline 412 (subacute inhalation toxicity: 28-day study), Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 284, 1,135, and 4,540 ppm of 3-methylpentane for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks via whole-body inhalation. Mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weights, and gross and histopathological findings were compared between control and all exposure groups. No mortality or remarkable clinical signs were observed during the study. No gross or histopathological lesions, or adverse effects on body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, and organ weights were observed in any male or female rats in all exposure groups, although some statistically significant changes were observed in food consumption, serum chemistry, and organ weights. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for 3-methylpentane above 4,540 ppm/6 hr/day, 5 days/week for rats.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2012

In comparison of the body color of Zacco platypys from Korea, it was found that there were significant differences among geographical populations in the color of upper eye, snout tip and anterior margin of pectoral fin. In individuals with red upper eye the snout tip was red but in those with black upper eye red color did not appeared on the snout tip. There was no difference between male and female in this characteristic and it was expressed uniformly within the same population. So we divided Z. platypus into two types by the color of upper eye; R type with red upper eye and B type with black upper eye. Red band on anterior margin of pectoral fins appeared in all males of both R and B type populations but in females it appeared only in B type individuals. The two types shown different distribution pattern in Korean Peninsula. R type distributed in almost whole area but B type distributed only in southeastern part of the peninsula: Nakdong, Hyeongsan, Taehwa, Suyeong and Jinjeon River. In analysis of external morphology among two types of Z. platypus from Korea and Z. platypus from Japan, there were no significant differences. But they were relatively well separated in discriminant function analysis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate fatty liver in Korean black goats. Adult female goats were divided into 3 test groups(A, B and C). Group A and B of goats each received 3 test consecutive daily doses of DL-ethionine at 75mg/kg and 150mg/kg body weight, respectively. Group C of goats was given 3 consecutive doses of the compound every 48 hours at 150mg/kg body weight. The clinical symptoms, hematological values, serum chemical values and histopathological study of the liver were investigated in the test animals. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Fatty liver were observed in every test animal. 2. Some clinical symptoms( anorexia, depression) were appeared from 1st day to 7th day after administration of the compound in every test animal. In addition to these symptoms, diarrhea and salivation were generally observed in test animals which were given the compound at 150mg/kg body weight. The degree of these symptoms was dose dependent. 3. There was no significant variations in total WBC counts and fibrinogen values in the blood of test goats. The PCV values were significantly increased on 5th day of dosing in group A and B of goats. 4. The total lipid value was not changed but the concentration of NEFA was significantly increased on 3rd day of dosing with the compound and returned to normal value after 10 days hereafter. The value of triglycerides was significantly increased on 1st day and returned to normal value on 3rd day of dosing. The value of cholesterol was significantly decreased on 3rd day and returned to normal value on 10th day after treatment. 5. Total protein level was decreased on 10th day of dosing in the groups of B and C, and billirubin level was significantly increased on 7th day of dosing in every test group and returned to normal level after 13th day of administration. 6. The activity of GGT in serum was not changed while the activities of SDH and AST were significantly increased in every test goat and those values were returned to normal after 10~13th day of trestment. 7 The 35K-protein fraction in serum was not detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but this protein fraction was detected by the same method after treating the 21st and 22nd fraction which were obtained by column chromatography with Sephadex G-100. 8. The affected liver was congested and swollen on 3rd day, and yellowish brown in color and mottled appearance on 7th day of treatment. Histopathologically, fat droplets were common in the hepatocytes, this change was intensive on 7th day after treatment in group B and C. Hepatic cell necrosis was observed in some livers but this pathological change was disappeared and returned to normal after 13 days of treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.430-442
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• 2009

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the dietary intake according to calorie intake from a coffee containing beverage and the bone health status of 189 female collegians. The study was conducted through questionnaires, anthropometric checkup, 3-days food records and ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone mineral density. Subjects were divided into three groups: students not drinking coffee(non-coffee group, N=56), students consuming <100 kcal daily from coffee(low-calorie coffee group, N=84), and students consuming $\geq100$ kcal of their total daily calories from coffee(high- calorie coffee group, N=49). There were no significant differences in weight, height, body mass index, body fat and calcaneus bone mineral density among the three groups. The low-calorie coffee group usually drank black coffee or instant coffee mix, and the high-calorie coffee group habitually drank coffee with milk or sugar syrup. There were no significant differences in the mean daily energy and food intake among the three groups. However, vitamin $B_2$(p<0.05) and calcium (p<0.01) intake in the high-calorie coffee group were higher than in the non-coffee group. Also, mean intake of sugars, fish and shellfishes, milks and beverages in the high-calorie coffee group were also significantly higher than in non coffee group(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the Korean Dietary Diversity Score(KDDS) among the three groups. The main calcium source was milk in all three groups, and milk intake(total and included with coffee) was highest in the high-calorie coffee group. Although no significant difference was apparent between the high-calorie and non-coffee groups concerning anthropometric factors and calcaneus bone mineral density, consumption of coffee may have influenced food and nutrient intake. The results suggest that consumption of milk-supplemented coffee may be of nutritional benefit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.3 s.43
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• pp.181-195
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• 1992

The purposes of this study were to investigate 1) the effect of body exposure and color of a woman's suit on the perception of modesty, and 2) the effect of perceiver's sex and age on impression formed by the function of clothing variables. The instrument of this study consisted of a response scale and stimuli. Thirteen items of 7-point semantic differential scales were developed to measure the perceiver's impression on wearer's modesty. Stimuli were color pictures of a model wearing one of 8 types of suit constructed by a 2 $\times$ 2 $\times$ 2 factorial design. The manipulation of each level of the clothing variables were: color of the suit by black and red, leg exposure by varying skirt lengths to a Chanel-line and mini skirt, and neck exposure by shirt collar blouse and scarf. Two models, representing typical female college students living in Seoul, were selected to eliminate model effect. The sample include 384 subjects, consisting of 4 groups of male and female college students and middle aged men and women. Eight experimental groups were randomly assigned to one of eight stimuli based on between-subject design. One half of each group responded to model 1 and the other half to model 2 of same stimulus. Responses to the semantic differential scales were factor analyzed (pc model, Varimax rotation) to identify factors constructing impression of modesty. Two factors emerged regard­less of subgroups; Elegance and Extroversion factor. The first factor was found to be dominant, accounting for 60 percent of the total variance. The other accounted for just 11 percent. Multidimensional ANOVA (5-way, 3-way) was conducted to test the effect of the clothing variables against two factors identified from the factor analysis. Leg exposure was the most powerful variable affecting the impression of Elegance and Extroversion factor for all per. ceiver subgroups. Neck exposure had primary effect on the impression of Elegance, whereas it partially influenced that of Extroversion. Color of suit had only partial effect on the impression of Extroversion. Hypothesis I was partially supported from the findings above. The effect of perceiver's age and sex on impression by the function of clothing variables was tested by comparing the result between four subgroups. In forming an impression of the wearer's modesty, male college students were least affected by the manipulation of clothing variables, while middle aged males were affected most. In the female groups, there was no age difference and they fell between the male groups in the degree to which they were affected. Hypothesis II was supported only by age difference in two male groups, and by sex difference in two student groups.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2004

Numerical measurements were made for fresh weight, body length and width, head width, and color and length of antenna of Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus adults, a primary vector of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Korea. We measured 563 females and 601 males that emerged out of dead pine logs from 2001 to 2002. General linear model analysis showed that measurements of fresh weight, body length, and body width were significantly higher in females than in males. Head width was not significantly different between sexes. Antennal length of males was significantly longer than that of females. For females and males respectively, average fresh weights were 0.305g and 0.277g, body lengths 20.97mm and 19.93mm, body widths 6.52mm and 6.18mm, head widths 3.78mm and 3.70mm, and antennal lengths 31.19mm and 45.49 mm. Antennal length or ratio of antennal length to body length overlapped in some ranges between 2 sexes. Therefore antennal length itself or ratio of antennal length to body length could not be used as a definite criterion to discriminate sexes. However, check on color of the antennae of 4,033 adults revealed without exception that basal part of every segment of flagellum of female antenna was covered with whitish-grey hairs, while whole part of every segment of male flagellum was covered with brownish-black hairs. This characteristics might be a best way to differentiate sex of this species.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2008

Morphological characteristics of the cross-bred $F_1$ hybrid between female Paralichthys olivaceus and male Platichthys stellatus were studied. The hybrids showed common biological characteristics of both parents, but showed more morphological similarity to P. stellatus than P. olivaceusin the following biometries: higher ratios of body length to body height (56.3%), head length to snout length (20.6%), and head length to upper jaw length (34.2%). They also showed some significant biometric characteristics similar to P. stellatus, such as ratios of predorsal length (10.5%), prepectoral length (32.2%), preventral length (29.8%), and preanal length (28.0%) to body length. The hybrids had black spots on the dark brownish-green area near the eyes, and they lacked the small bony tubercles that area characteristic of Platichthys stellatus. The hybrids had unique bands: 6~20 bands on the dorsal fin and 5~10 bands on the anal fin that gradually lost their coloration towards the fin margins. The number of fin rays were 60~66 for dorsal fin, 40~51 for anal fin, 18~21 for caudal fin, and 11~12 for pectoral fin. The gills of the hybrids contained 13~18 gill rakers and 73~98 gill filaments. The vertebrae of the hybrids numbered 34~37, with 2~3 vertebrae fused from the start of the caudal vertebrae.