• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.96-100
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• 2012

In high static field magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) systems, $B_0$ fields of 7 T and 9.4 T, the impressed RF field shows larger inhomogeneity than in clinical MRI systems with B0 fields of 1.5 T and 3.0 T. In multi-channel RF coils, the magnitude and phase of the input to each coil element can be controlled independently to reduce the non-uniformity of the impressed RF $B_1^+$ field. The convex optimization technique has been used to obtain the optimum excitation parameters with iterative solutions for homogeneity in a selected ROI(Region of Interest). To demonstrate the technique, the multichannel transmission line coil was modeled together with a human head phantom at 400 MHz for the 9.4 T MRI system and $B_1^+$ fields are obtained. In this paper, all the optimized $B_1^+$ in each isolated ROIs are combined to achieve significantly improved homogeneity over the entire field of view. The simulation results for 9.4 T MRI systems are discussed in detail.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.463-472
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• 2018

The aim of this pilot survey was to investigate the presence status, usage problems, and improvement needs of the upper extremity rehabilitation equipment(: UERE) in the department of occupational therapy(: OT) of hospital setting in Korea. The authors received a questionnaires of clinicians working in a department of OT hospital setting through a social network service. Responses of 72 were analyzed in the first questionnaire, and 47 were analyzed in the second questionnaire. In the first questionnaire, the presence status of 16 UERE was confirmed to be 29.2~97.2%, and the usage experience of 9 UERE in the second questionnaire was 36.2~97.9%. In the second questionnaire, UERE's usage problems were reported discomfort in 15(31.9%) of 47 therapists, and improvement needs were 23(49%). The usage problems of the 9 UERE questioned by open-ended questionnaire were uninteresting, easily damaged, level unadjustable, direction unadjustable, and inconvenient installation. The improvement needs were classified into digitization, durability, level adjustable, adjustable function, convenience. The present pilot survey identified the presence status and usage experience of UERE in the department of OT and could be used as a basis for the development of closed-ended questionnaire on usage problems and improvement needs of UERE.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

Objective : Purpose of this study is to develop a Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) to screen sensory processing problems for children aged 3 to 5, and examine validity of the assessment. Method : A draft version of Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) has been developed and it was utilized to 138 caregivers of children who are 3 to 5 years old. Rasch analysis was used to test construct validity of SPS-C. Through the Rasch analysis, unidimensionality and adequacy of the rating scale were examined. Results : Based on the Rasch analysis, it was found that six items out of 56 items (10.7%) are misfits. And the results also showed that 3-points rating scale is more adequate than 5-points scale for SPC-C. Conclusion : The construct validity of a newly developed assessment, Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C), was established through this study. Further studies are needed to examine other psychometric properties of the assessment, using the one modified based on the results in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Objective : This study compares sensory processing ability of children with and without spastic diplegia. In addition, it investigates characteristics of sensory processing differentiated by developmental phase such as pre-school age versus school age. Methods : Participants in this study are ordinal children without specific condition and children with spastic diplegia who are aged 3 to 10 years olds. Using Short Sensory Profile (SSP), sensory processing function of the participants was measured. The survey was distributed to caregivers of the children from November, 2013 to February, 2014, and it was suggested that the caregivers to record the questionnaire directly after approval from a rehabilitation hospital, a university hospital, welfare center, day care center, preschool and elementary school to participate in our study. Results : Group of children with spastic diplegia showed lower score than group of children with no special condition in the total score and the each score of all items of Short Sensory Profile. There was significant difference between the two groups in terms of the total score of sensory processing and the 5 factors except tactile sensitiveness and taste/smell sensitiveness among the 7 factors of test. In the comparison of different age groups, pre-school age group showed lower total score than school age group. Conclusion : This study provides a foundational evidence that can be used when therapist evaluate sensory processing function of children with spastic diplegia. There is need for more study about sensory processing functions of various types of children with cerebral palsy.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of the study is to examine the length of institutionalization and sensory modulation for preschooler without disabilities, and to investigate the relationship between the length of institutionalization and behavioral problem. Method : Mothers of preschoolers without disabilities between ages of 3 and 7 who attend D kindergarten was participated. Nursery school teacher of institutionalized children without disabilities between ages of 3 and 7 who attend child-welfare facilities was participated. We used Short Sensory Profile(SSP) and Children Behavior Check list. The results were analyzed with SPSS 11.0. Results : There was no significant difference between longer length of institutionalization and shorter length of institutionalization in sensory modulation and behavioral problem. Regarding the sensory modulation and behavior problem according to child-welfare facilities, means showed the statistically significant difference. Regarding sensory modulation of test items, movement sensitivity and low energy/weak showed the statistically significant difference in home-reared children than institutionalized children. Conclusions : The results of the study showed high correlation environmental effect in institutionalized children. Further research is needed to improve environmental for institutionalized children.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of the study is to find out how group sensory integrative (SI) intervention enhances play skill and social interaction of the children with sensory integration disorders. Method : Three children who were showing problems related in sensory integration received 12 SI intervention sessions. The Sensory Profile (SP) and The Social Maturity Scale (SMS) were accomplished by the subject's primary caregiver. Test of Playfulness (ToP) and Peer Social Interactions Rating Scale (PSIRS) were utilized to investigate the children's play skills and social interactions with their friends. Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) is applied to assess the children's play skill, social interactions with peer, and sensory processing at each session. Data was collected before- and after the intervention and analyzed by the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test with SPSS/WIN version 10.0 and Microsoft Excel. Results : The average scores of ToP, PSIRS, and SMS were increased after the sensory integrative intervention. However, there is no significant difference in the play skills and social interactions between data of pre-intervention and the one of post-intervention. The score of the GAS was frequently increased in terms of the play skills and sensory processing throughout the whole sessions. Conclusions : This study reveals a possibility of that the group sensory integrative intervention may affect not only sensory processing ability, but also play skills and social interactions of children experiencing difficulties of sensory processing. Future research should supplement limitations of this study regarding insufficient number of the subject and the short period of the experiment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

Objective : This study is to verify effect of a sensory integration (SI) intervention on sensory processing of children with sensory modulation disorder (SMD), and to explore how the SI intervention affect play, socialization, occupational performance and occupational satisfaction of those children. Method : Five children with developmental disabilities living in metropolitan were diagnosed as SMD by the Sensory History Interview (SHI) and Short Sensory Profile (SSP). The SMD children undergone the 48 sessions of 50 min intervention twice in a week for six months and took the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale(RKPPS), Social maturity test, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure(COPM), and Japanese Sensory Inventory Revised(JSI-2) before- and after the intervention. The result data analyzed by the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test. Results : All data of post-intervention differed significantly; RKPPS(Z=-2.023, p=.043), Social maturity test(Z=-2.023, p=.043); occupational performance(Z=-2.023, p=.043); satisfaction(Z=-2.032, p=.042); and tactile system of JSI-2(Z=-2.032, p=.042). Conclusions : The results advocate that sensory integration intervention is effective in improving tactile processing, play, socialization, occupational performance, and occupational satisfaction of child with SMD. It is found that sensory integration intervention improves not only one's occupational performance but also underlying components of the performance. In order to generalize this conclusion, further studies need to be done with more number of subjects and consideration of environmental factors. Striving for more reliable and valid methods of data collection is also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

This study was investigated the effect of antioxidative vitamin supplementation ($\beta$-carotene 175 mg, vitamin C 200 mg, vitamin E 33.5 mg) for 12 weeks on antioxidant status and autistic related behaviors in autistic children. The antioxidative vitamin-supplemented children had significantly lower concentrations of toxic mineral, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in hair, while they had higher concentration of antioxidant minerals (Se, Zn, Fe) in hair. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for 12 weeks reduced free radical while it increased the hair levels of serotonin compared to the beginning of the study. Additionally, antioxidative vitamin supplementation resulted in significant improvement in social age. These results indicate that the consumption of antioxidative vitamin supplementation for 12 weeks in autistic children may increase plasma antioxidant mineral concentration, resulting in reduced toxic mineral and free radical and improved autistic behavior.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.167-180
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• 1994

In order to inquire the most effective management of increased intracranial pressure(ICP), mannitol, steroid and hyperventilation were used in rabbits after ligation or non-ligation of the carotid artery. Mannitol was more effective than steroid and hyperventilation in the degree of the reduction of ICP. The intracranial pressure was decreased 43~45% for 25~30 minutes after injection of mannitol. Steroid was less effective than mannitol in the degree of the reduction of ICP. But the time of reduction of ICP was longer, that is, the degree of reduction was 24~60 minutes after injection of steroid. Hyperventilation is effective in the initial time only, for 10 minutes after hyperventilation. The degree of ICP reduction was 13.5~16.7% for 10 minutes after hyperventilation. The combined group, that is three kinds of mangenent were used, is the most effective treatment to reduce ICP of ICP. The degree of the reduction of ICP was 42.1~49.3% for 20 minutes, 47.7~52.5% for 30minnutes. There was no significant difference between ligation and non-ligation group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8725-8734
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• 2014

The transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$) gene 29 T/C polymorphism is thought to be associated with breast cancer risk. However, reports are largely conflicting and underpowered. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of all available case-control studies relating the TGF-${\beta}1$ 29T/C polymorphism to the risk of developing breast cancer by including a total of 31 articles involving 24,021 cases and 31,820 controls. Pooled ORs were generated for the allele contrasts, with additive genetic, dominant genetic and recessive genetic models. Subgroup analysis was also performed by ethnicity for the TGF-${\beta}1$ 29T/C polymorphism. No association was found in the overall analysis (C vs T: OR=1.028, 95% CI=0.949-1.114, p-value 0.500; CC vs TC: OR= 1.022, 95% CI=0.963-1.085, p-value 0.478; CC vs TT: OR= 1.054, 95% CI=0.898-1.236, p-value 0.522; CC vs TT+ TC: OR= 1.031, 95% CI=0.946-1.124, p-value 0.482; TT vs CC+TC: OR= 0.945, 95% CI=0.827-1.080, p-value 0.403). Similarly, in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no association was found in Caucasian (C vs T: OR= 1.041, 95% CI=0.932-1.162, p-value 0.475; CC vs TC: OR= 1.031, 95% CI=0.951-1.118, p-value 0.464; CC vs TT: OR= 1.081, 95% CI=0.865-1.351, p-value 0.493; CC vs TT+TC: OR= 1.047, 95% CI=0.929-1.180, p-value 0.453; TT vs CC+TC: OR= 0.929, 95% CI=0.775-1.114, p-value 0.429;) and Asian populations (C vs T: OR= 1.004, 95% CI=0.908-1.111, p-value 0.931; CC vs TC: OR= 0.991, 95% CI=0.896-1.097, p-value 0.865; CC vs TT: OR= 1.015, 95% CI=0.848-1.214, p-value 0.871; CC vs TT+TC: OR= 1.000, 95% CI=0.909-1.101, p-value 0.994; TT vs CC+TC: OR= 0.967, 95% CI=0.808-1.159, p-value 0.720;). No evidence of publication bias was detected during the analysis. No significant association with breast cancer risk was demonstrated overall or on subgroup (Caucasian and Asian) analysis. It can be concluded that TGF-${\beta}1$ 29T/C polymorphism does not play a role in breast cancer susceptibility in overall or ethnicity-specific manner.