• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.35-49
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the anti-osteoarthritic effects of clematidis radix pharmacopuncture on the MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 4 groups ; Normal rat group(N, n=5), MIA-induced osteoarthritis control rat group(C, n=5), MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat group injected with normal saline at ST36(NS, n=5), and MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat group injected with clematidis radix pharmacopuncture at ST36(CR, n=5). The experiment was conducted over a period of 21 days after injecting MIA. We analyzed body weight, hind paw weight distribution, liver and renal function, immunocytes, cykokines, inflammatory mediators, inflammatory proteins and mRNA expressions, as well as histopathological changes. Results : The CR group showed a significant increase in the hind paw weight distribution, and significant decreases in IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, $PGE_2$, $LTB_4$, osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline level, the protein expression of COX2, arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase, and the mRNA expression of COX2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and NOS-II. In terms of the joint damages induced by osteoarthritis, the CR group showed a greater protective effect than group C in histopathologic observation (H&E, Safranin-O staining). Conclusion : These results demonstrated that clematidis radix pharmacopuncture had anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In addition, these results showed that it inhibited the progression of osteoarthritis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.249-258
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• 2007

The Pancreatic islet are the clusters of endocrine cells scattered through out the exocrine pancreas. Transplantation of a sufficient pancreatic islets can normalize blood glucose level so that may prevent devastating complications of type I diabetes(IDDM) and other side effects of the IDDM. Recently, there are several approaches to transplant sufficient pancreatic islet, and it was comprised in increase or regeneration of the endogenous $\beta$-cell mass from donor's pancreas, but relatively few studies have been devoted to the morphological characters of the isolated and 3 day cultured pancreatic islets. We investigated morphological pattern of intracellular structure of isolated and 3 day cultured pancreatic islets. The morphological characters of the pancreatic islets were observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, and insulin distribution of the each islets were observed by transmission electron microscope, and were labeled with insulin antibody. Intracellular structures including nuclei, mitochondria, RER, Golgi complex and many secretory granules were normally appeared in the isolated pancreatic islets which was extracted immediately dornor's pancreas, however, There is a significant morphological changes between the 3 day cultured pancreatic islets and isolated islets. 3 day cultured pancreatic islet's $\beta$-cells had normal nuclei but increased cytoplasm mass and RER and developed Golgi complex. Insulin secretory granules were decreased in numbers rather than isolated pancreatic islet. In this study, the pattern of intracellular structure variation was examined during pancreatic islet culture. Most distinct features are variation of the insulin secretory granules, and developed RER, and dilated golgi complex. Therefore, we suggested that the various change of the morphological characters on cultured pancreatic islets were responsible for the function(biosynthesis and secretion of insulin) and growth. These results were also cultured islets have greater ability to recover and maintain normoglycemia than isolated islet transplantation.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.243-253
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• 2013

This research paper introduces the application and implementation of medical decision metrics that classifies medical decision-making into four different metrics using statistical diagnostic tools, such as confusion matrix, normal distribution, Bayesian prediction and Receiver Operating Curve(ROC). In this study, the metrics are developed based on cross-section study, cohort study and case-control study done by systematic literature review and reformulated the structure of type I error, type II error, confidence level and power of detection. The study proposed implementation strategies for 10 quality improvement activities via 14 medical decision metrics which consider specificity and sensitivity in terms of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$. Examples of ROC implication are depicted in this paper with a useful guidelines to implement a continuous quality improvement, not only in a variable acceptance sampling in Quality Control(QC) but also in a supplier grading score chart in Supplier Chain Management(SCM) quality. This research paper is the first to apply and implement medical decision-making tools as quality improvement activities. These proposed models will help quality practitioners to enhance the process and product quality level.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.88-91
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the pkarmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin using a 2-compartment model in 8 Korean healthy volunteers and 8 lymphoma patients. Vancomycin (1.0 g) was administered by IV infusion over 60 minutes. The $\beta-phase$ rate constant $(\beta)$, apparent volume of distribution at steady srate $(V_{ss})$, total body clearance (CL) and area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC) of vancomycin in healthy volunteers were $0.15\pm0.02\;hr^{-1},\;33.8\pm4.12\;L/kg,\;5.36\pm0.61\;L/hr\;and\;185.8\pm20.5\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$, respectively. The corresponding values in lymphoma patients ere $0.09\pm0.02\;hr^{-1},\;38.2\pm5.11\;L/kg,\;4.58\pm0.52\;L/hr\;and\;218.3\pm22.9\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in ${\beta}$ and CL between healthy volunteers and lymphoma patients.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin using the compartment model dependent and compartment model independent analysis in 6 Korean normal volunteers and 8 ovarian cancer patients. Vancomycin was administered 1.0 g bolus by IV infusion over 60 minutes. The elimination rate constant ($\beta$), volume of distribution (Vd), total body clearance (CLt), and area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC) of vancomycin in normal volunteers using the compartment model dependent analysis were $0.150\pm0.030\;hr^{-1},\;32.9\pm2.81\;L/kg,\;5.36\pm0.63\;L/hr,\;and\;186.5\pm20.5\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$, respectively. The $\beta$, Vd, CLt, and AUC of vancomycin in ovarian cancer patients using the compartment model dependent analysis were $0.109\;0.008\;hr^{-1},\;41.5\pm3.01\;L/kg,\;4.58\pm0.57\;L/hr\;and\;218.3\pm22.9\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.05,\;p<0.01) in $\beta$, Vd, CLt, and AUC between normal volunteers and ovarian cancer patients. The elimination rate constant (Kel), CLt, and AUC of vancomycin in normal volunteers using the compartment model independent analysis were $0.152\pm0.022\;hr^{-1},\;5.77\pm0.75\;L/hr,\;and\;173.2\pm22.5;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$, respectively. The Kel, CLt, and AUC of vancomycin in ovarian cancer patients using the compartment model independent analysis were $0.126\pm0.012\;hr^{-1},\;4.96\pm0.55\;L/hr,\;and\;201.7\pm25.6;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.05, p<0.01) in Kel, CLt, and AUC between normal volunteers and ovarian cancer patients. And also, there was significant difference (p<0.05) in Kel of vancomycin in ovarian cancer patients between the compartment model dependent and independen analysis. It is necessary for effective dosage regimen of vancomycin in ovarian cancer patient to use these population parameters.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.414-434
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• 1997

Though many genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified in hamster oral carcinogenesis model, there is no information about the possible role of transforming growth factor related with oral cancer. The purpose of this paper was to find the expression patterns of transforming growth factor alpha and beta during the stages of complete oral carcinogenesis model in hamster. 0.5% 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene(DMBA) in mineral oil was topically applied to the buccal pouch of 75 hamster three times a week during the experimental periods. The experimental animals were subdivided into two groups of control and experiment. Only the mineral oil was applied to the control group. 0.5% DMBA in mineral oil was applied to the experimental groups of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 weeks. The expression of the $TGF-{\alpha}$ and $TGF-{\beta}$ protein were evaluated by the distribution and intensity of positive cells during the carcinogenesis using the immunohistochemical study. The following results were obtained ; 1. The buccal pouch epithelium of hamster was histologically changed to the dysplasia at 6, 8, 10 weeks, carcinoma in situ at 12 weeks, and squamous cell carcinoma at 14 weeks. 2. The expression of the $TGF-{\alpha}$ was restricted to the parabasal and basal layers of the normal and dysplastic mucosa, but those positive cells were extended to the spinous layers of the epithelium in the carcinoma. 3. The degree of $TGF-{\alpha}$ expression was markedly decreased in the carcinoma at 16, 18, 20. The strong positive staining in the center of cancer islands and weak positive staining in periphery of tumor were seen at the stage of squamous cell carcinoma. 4. The positive index of the $TGF-{\alpha}$ had a tendency to increase with DMBA- applied time. There was a statistically significant difference between 12, 18, 20 experimental group and control group (p<0.05). 5. The expression of the $TGF-{\beta}$ was shown at the cytoplasm of all control and experimental groups, and the parabasal and basal layers of the normal and dyslastic mucosa, but it was shown at the basal layers of the epithelium in the carcinoma. 6. $TGF-{\beta}$ was expressed diffusely at 16, 18, 20 experimental group. The strong positive staining in the center of cancer islands and positive staining in periphery of tumor were seen at the stage of squamous cell carcinoma. From the above findings, the expression of $TGF-{\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ in oral carcinogenesis model seems to have two formal stages, the first being an overexpression step as reaction to uncontrolled growth and the second being one in which external protein accumulate in the surrounding stroma and intracytoplasm. Overexpression of $TGF-{\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ may have important cooperative roles for the promotion of cancer and factor of prognosis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.38-52
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• 2002

This paper is concerned with the analysis of structural equation model(SEM) with the ordinal data such as Likert scale. The SEM is misused when the arbitrary scores allocated to the Likert scale are treated as quantitative data. The underlying distribution approaches have been studied to solve this problem, and the partial least squares(PLS) Is also tried. In this paper the quantification methods for the Likert scale are proposed to analyze the SEM. We assume that the Likert scale is an observation of the interval of the continuous underlying distribution, and the respondents have their own patterns in the response of some questions. Normal and beta distributions as the response patterns are considered to quantify the Likert scale. To compare the efficiency of the proposed method the bootstrap simulations are tried.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.30 no.5_6
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• pp.324-329
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• 2003

The public-key cryptosystems such as Diffie-Hellman Key Distribution and Elliptical Curve Cryptosystems are built on the basis of the operations defined in GF(2$^{m}$ ):addition, subtraction, multiplication and multiplicative inversion. It is important that these operations should be computed at high speed in order to implement these cryptosystems efficiently. Among those operations, as being the most time-consuming, multiplicative inversion has become the object of lots of investigation Formant's theorem says $\beta$$^{-1}$ =$\beta$$^{2}$sup m/-2/, where $\beta$$^{-1}$ is the multiplicative inverse of $\beta$$\in$GF(2$^{m}$ ). Therefore, to compute the multiplicative inverse of arbitrary elements of GF(2$^{m}$ ), it is most important to reduce the number of times of multiplication by decomposing 2$^{m}$ -2 efficiently. Among many algorithms relevant to the subject, the algorithm proposed by Itoh and Tsujii[2] has reduced the required number of times of multiplication to O(log m) by using normal basis. Furthermore, a few papers have presented algorithms improving the Itoh and Tsujii's. However they have some demerits such as complicated decomposition processes[3,5]. In this paper, in the case of 2$^{m}$ -2, which is mainly used in practical applications, an efficient algorithm is proposed for computing the multiplicative inverse at high speed by using both the factorization formula x$^3$-y$^3$=(x-y)(x$^2$＋xy＋y$^2$) and normal basis. The number of times of multiplication of the algorithm is smaller than that of the algorithm proposed by Itoh and Tsujii. Also the algorithm decomposes 2$^{m}$ -2 more simply than other proposed algorithms.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.15-25
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• 1987

Statistical control charts are useful tools to monitor and control the manufacturing processes and are widely used in most Korean industries. Many Korean companies, however, do not always obtain desired results from the traditional control charts by Shewhart such as the X-chart, X-chart, X-chart, etc. This is partly because the quality charterstics of the process are not distributed normally but are skewed due to the intermittent production, small lot size, etc. In Shewhart X-chart, which is the most widely used one in Korea, such skewed distributions make the plots to be inclined below or above the central line or outside the control limits although no assignable causes can be found. To overcome such shortcomings in nonnormally distributed processes, a distribution-free type of confidence interval can be used, which should be based on order statistics. This thesis is concerned with the design of control chart based on a sample median which is easy to use in practical situation and therefore properties for nonnormal distributions may be easily analyzed. Control limits and central lines are given for tile more famous nonnormal distributions, such as Gamma, Beta, Lognormal, Weibull, Pareto, Truncated-normal distributions. Robustness of the proposed median control chart is compared with that of the X-chart, the former tends to be superior to the latter as the probability distribution of the process becomes more skewed. The average run length to detect the assignable cause is also compared when the process has a Normal or a Gamma distribution for which the properties of X are easy to verify, the proposed chart is slightly worse than the X-chart for the normally distributed product but much better for Gamma-distributed products. Average Run Lengths of the other distributions are also computed. To use the proposed control chart, the probability distribution of the process should be known or estimated. If it is not possible, the results of comparison of the robustness force us to use the proposed median control chart based on a normal distribution. To estimate the distribution of the process, Sturge's formula is used to graph the histogram and the method of probability plotting, $X^2$-goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, are discussed with real case examples. A comparison of the propose4 median chart and the X chart was also performed with these examples and the median chart turned out to be superior to the X-chart.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.10 no.16
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• pp.101-106
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• 1987

Statistical control charts are useful tools to monitor and control the manufacturing processes and are widely used in most Korean industries. Many Korean companies, however, do not always obtain desired results from the traditional control charts by Shewhart such as the $\bar{X}$-chart, $\bar{X}$-chart, $\bar{X}$-chart, etc. This is partly because the quality charterstics of the process are not distributed normally but are skewed due to the intermittent production, small lot size, etc. In Shewhart $\bar{X}$-chart. which is the most widely used one in Kora, such skewed distributions make the plots to be inclined below or above the central line or outside the control limits although no assignable causes can be found. To overcome such shortcomings in nonnormally distributed processes, a distribution-free type of confidence interval can be used, which should be based on order statistics. This thesis is concerned with the design of control chart based on a sample median which is easy to use in practical situation and therefore properties for nonnormal distributions may be easily analyzed. Control limits and central lines are given for the more famous nonnormal distributions, such as Gamma, Beta, Lognormal, Weibull, Pareto, Truncated-normal distributions. Robustness of the proposed median control chart is compared with that of the $\bar{X}$-chart; the former tends to be superior to the latter as the probability distribution of the process becomes more skewed. The average run length to detect the assignable cause is also compared when the process has a Normal or a Gamma distribution for which the properties of X are easy to verify, the proposed chart is slightly worse than the $\bar{X}$-chart for the normally distributed product but much better for Gamma-distributed products. Average Run Lengths of the other distributions are also computed. To use the proposed control chart, the probability distribution of the process should be known or estimated. If it is not possible, the results of comparison of the robustness force us to use the proposed median control chart based oh a normal distribution. To estimate the distribution of the process, Sturge's formula is used to graph the histogram and the method of probability plotting, $\chi$$^2$-goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, are discussed with real case examples. A comparison of the proposed median chart and the $\bar{X}$ chart was also performed with these examples and the median chart turned out to be superior to the $\bar{X}$-chart.