• 제목/요약/키워드: before washing

검색결과 326건 처리시간 0.033초

Adsorption of Nitrogen Oxides on Manufactured Impregnated Activated Carbon Fibers with Potassium Hydroxide

  • Kim, Hyun-Jin;Lee, Young-Whan;Choi, Dae-Ki;Lee, Eun-Il
    • Carbon letters
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    • 제3권4호
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    • pp.198-204
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    • 2002
  • In this paper, impregnated activated carbon fiber (IACF) was manufactured to pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACF) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) by using wet impregnation method to raise nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) adsorptivity. The properties of IACF were observed using EPMA, TGA and DSC and $NO_x$ adsorptivity was observed at high and low temperature. Before and after adsorption was analyzed using ToF-SIMS for examine surface characterization of adsorbed $NO_x$. The results showed that the better adsorptivity appeared for increasing KOH ratio. So, $NO_x$ adsorptivity showed result that is proportional between KOH and the adsorbed amount. On the other hand, adsorbent that manufactured without washing was better $NO_x$ adsorptivity than adsorbent that manufactured with washing. The behavior of adsorption show that crossing time of NO and $NO_2$ delayed for a rising adsorptivity. And NO ratio increased but $NO_2$ ratio decreased according as KOH ratio increases. $NO_x$ was confirmed through surface analysis that remain in $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ form on IACF surface.

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병원감염관리에 관한 간호대학생의 지식 및 실천에 관한 연구 (The Study of the Knowledge and Performance of Nursing Students for the Nosocomial Infection Control)

  • 성영희;남혜경
    • 한국직업건강간호학회지
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.40-49
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: This study was designed to investigate nursing students' exposure experience to infectious diseases and their knowledge and performance for the nosocomial infection control. Method: The data was obtained from 292 nursing students having clinical experience at two university hospitals in Seoul from November 2005 to February 2006. Specific questionnaire was constructed and used for this study. The obtained data was analyzed by using the SPSS window program. Result: The results were as follow : 1. Among the evaluation scores of knowledge for the nosocomial infection control, the score of sterilization and the score of the intravenous therapy management were low(.14). 2. Among the evaluation scores of performance for the nosocomial infection control, the score of hand washing is low(1.63). 3. 86.3 percent of the nursing students had exposure experience to infectious disease. Many of them did not use the protective equipments in clinical experience nor took any treatment after the exposure to infectious diseases. Conclusion: Based on these results, we suggest that the programs for the nosocomial infection control should be developed for nursing students. It is also suggested that nursing students should be educated before their clinical experience to keep protected from the infection. In particular, the hand washing, sterilization and intravenous therapy management should be emphasized in the educational programs.

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도계장 유래 닭고기와 부산물 및 환경재료에서 Listeria spp의 분리 및 분리균의 특성 I. Listeria spp의 분리 (Characteristics and isolation of Listeria spp from poultry meat, products and environmental specimens in chicken slaughterhouse I. Isolation of Listeria spp)

  • 손원근;강호조
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.271-277
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    • 1991
  • To investigate the epidemiological trait of listeriosis, Listeria spp were isolated from poultry meat, products and environmental specimens in chicken slaughterhouse. Also determined were isolation rates by the different enrichment procedures, the biochemical properties of isolates. In a total of 307 samples including poultry meat, liver, feathers, feces, chiller water, scalding water overflow and slaughterhouse floor, Listeria spp were isolated predominantly from scalding water overflow (90.0%), body skin before washing (66.7%), liver (20.0%) and feathers(15.0%) However, few Listeria spp were isolated from body skin after washing and feces. The higher isolation rates were obtained in the secondary enrichment procedure (7.2%) than in the primary enrichment (3.9%); after stored the secondary enrichment cultures for 2 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$, Listeria spp were present in 9.8%. The majority of the isolated Listeria spp were identical to those of the standards strains in biochemical and cultural properties. Overall, Listeria spp were present in 13.4% of the specimens tested, and were in order of prevalence of L innocua(11.1%), L monocytogenes(3.3%), L grayi(0.7%) and L murrayi(0.3%).

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중년여성의 여성생식기 관련 위생과 질 세척 행위 (Feminine Hygiene and Vaginal Douche Practices in Middle-aged Women)

  • 안숙희
    • 여성건강간호학회지
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.285-294
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: The study was done to survey feminine hygiene and vaginal douche practices in middle-aged women to obtain basic information for public health education. Methods: With a descriptive survey design, 134 middle-aged women who have menstrual period were recruited via convenience sampling. Survey contents were from the study by Czerwinski (2000) regarding feminine hygiene and vaginal douching practices. After obtaining IRB approval, a self-administered structured questionnaire was distributed to study participants. Results: Mean age of middle-aged women was 46.88 years old. Fifty-six percent of the women practiced vaginal douching. Women performed douching with water (68%), commercial products (13%), soap (12%), and vinegar-mixed water (6%) for clean and fresh feeling, removal of unpleasant odor, and removal of vaginal discharge. Vaginal douche practice was significantly related to a history of vaginitis. Conclusion: The study results indicate that most of the women practiced inadequate feminine hygiene especially in douching, suggesting that is important to develop education programs on feminine hygiene practices for women of all ages, especially regarding douching and hand washing before and after changing pads or tampons.

한국주택 가사작업공간의 관련용어변화와 그의미에 관한연구 - 부엌을 중심으로- (A Study on the Tra.sition of Terminology and its Meaning of Support Spaces Foucused on the Kitchens in Korean Houses)

  • 서귀숙
    • 가정과삶의질연구
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.117-130
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study is to find out the transition of meaning and terminology of support spaces in Korean houses based on preliminary studies and analysis of Korean novels. The major findings are as follows. The planning and location of the kitchen and its support spaces developed slowly until the 1970s. Buok has been the terminology of support spaces that appeared often and continuously in novels. The word Bongdang was mentioned only before the 1900s. The new words such as Sikdang. Buokaband appeared after the 1960s,. Jubang appeared after the 1980s. The meaning of kitchen space described in novels were various. Thpically the kitchen was used for cooking washing dishes keeping kitchen utensils foods and miscellaneous goods. Exveptionally the kitchen was the place for quarreling with others weeping secretly hiding washing clothes etc. The kitchen was also a symbol of the wealth of the family but many kitchens were usually described in novels as the unpleasant places. Even though most users of the kitchen in novels were women men also used the kitchen in novels were women men also used the kitchen without any restrictions. however the activities of men and women of the upper class in the kitchen were never described in any novels.

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기관지 내시경 검사에 따른 산소 포화도, 폐기능 및 동맥혈 가스의 변화 (The Change of $SaO_2$, PFT and ABGA During the Bronchofiberscopy)

  • 김종선;신정은;김태희;장종현;천선희
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제45권3호
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    • pp.574-582
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    • 1998
  • 연구배경: 기관지 내시경은 기도를 통하여 내시경을 삽입한 후 약 10-30분 가량의 시술을 포함하기 때문에 호흡기계에 병태 생리학적 변화를 동반할 가능성이 있다. 이에 저자들은 기관지내시경 검사에 따른 경피적 산소 포화도의 변화와 검사 전후 동맥혈 가스 및 폐기능의 변화를 보고자 하였다. 방 법: 144명의 환자를 대상으로 기관지 내시경을 입으로 삽입하여 실시하였으며 내시경 전과정을 통하여 pulse oximetry를 사용하여 왼쪽 검지 손가락 끝에서 l 분 간격으로 산소 포화도를 측정하였다. 16명의 환자를 대상으로 내시경 시행전과 직후에 폐기능과 동맥혈 가스검사를 시행하였다. 결 과: 기관지내시경의 평균 시술시간은 14.5분이었고, $SaO_2$는 평균 8.4분후에 최저로 떨어져 $89.0{\pm}5.54%$로 기저치보다 8% 저하되었으나 종결시 회복되었다. 산소 공급군과 비공급군에서 시술시간은 산소공급군에서 유의하게 길었으나, $SaO_2$의 감소는 산소비공급군에서 8.4%로, 산소 공급군의 6.4%보다 컸으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 산소 비공급군에서 Biopsy군와 BAL군이 Washing군에 비하여 $SaO_2$ 저하가 더 큰 경향을 보였으나 종결시에는 유사하게 회복되었다. 기관지내시경 시행전 $PaO_2$$FEV_1$의 정도는 기관지내시경중의 $SaO_2$ 감소정도에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 기관지내시경을 전후하여 시행한 ABG상 경미한 $PaO_2$의 감소와 $PaCO_2$의 증가를 보였으며, vP기능 검사상 $FEV_1$의 감소(P<0.05)와 RV의 증가를 보였으나 기도 저항과 폐확산능의 변화는 없었다. 기관지내시경을 전후하여 비교하였을 때 Washing군은 폐기능의 큰 변화가 없었으나, Biopsy군과 BAL군은 기관지내시경후 $FEV_1$이 감소하고 RV가 증가하였으며, 통계적으로 유의하진 않았으나 BAL군에서 더욱 두드러졌다.

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젖소 유방염 관리에 따른 세균 및 체세포수 등급 실태 조사 분석 (Analytical studies of bovine mastitis management by standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC))

  • 허정호;정명호;박영호;조명희;이주홍
    • 한국동물위생학회지
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.285-300
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    • 1998
  • 1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

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청소년의 손 씻기 실천 행태 분석; 청소년 건강행태 온라인 조사 2011-2013년도를 중심으로 (Behaviors of hand washing practice Korean adolescents, 2011-2013: The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey)

  • 최영실
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제15권7호
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    • pp.4132-4138
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    • 2014
  • 청소년의 건강증진을 위한 보건교육 프로그램 중 손씻기에 대한 교육을 기획하는데 있어 기초자료를 제공하고자 2011년, 2012년, 2013년의 청소년건강행태온라인조사 원시자료를 이용하여, 중학생 및 고등학생의 손 씻기 실천 행태를 분석하였다. 자료 분석은 조사에 참여한 표본이 우리나라 청소년의 대표성을 갖도록 지정된 가중치를 적용하였으며, 자료는 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도 분석 및 교차분석을 실시하였다. 우리나라 청소년의 손 씻기 실천 행태는 학교에서 식사하기 전 '전혀 씻지 않았다'로 응답한 학생수가 2011년도에 22,257명(29.4%), 2012년도 22,375명(30.5%), 2013년도 13.153(18.5%)명으로 다른 항목과 달리 계속적으로 주의깊게 관찰해야 하는 상태로 유지되었다. '학교에서 식사하기 전 전혀 씻지 않았다'는 항목에 대해 최근 3개년간의 추이를 확인한 결과 도시구분에서는 대도시와 중소도시가 군단위의 소도시 보다 유의하게 전혀 손을 씻지 않는 경향을 보였고, 학교유형에서는 여학교가 남녀 공학이나 남학교 보다 학교에서 식사 전 전혀 손을 씻지 않았다고 응답한 비율이 지난 3개년 간 계속해서 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 학교구분에서는 중학교와 일반 고등학교가 특성화 고교보다, 성별에서는 여학생이 남학생보다, 학년 구분에서는 고학년으로 학년이 올라갈수록 '학교에서 식사 전 전혀 손을 씻지 않았다'고 응답한 학생이 유의하게 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 손 씻기에 대한 학교 보건 교육 시 '식사 전 손 씻기'에 대한 교육을 특히 강조해야 하고, 학교에서 식사 전 '전혀 손을 씻지 않았다'고 응답한 비율이 높았던 인구학적 특성의 대상에 대해 보다 세심한 교육과 계속적인 관찰이 요구된다.

건고추 생산단계 중 고추의 곰팡이 발생 (Fungal Occurrence in Fresh and Dried Red Pepper)

  • 김소수;백슬기;황인준;김세리;정규석;노은정;장자영;김점순;이데레사
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.571-575
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    • 2019
  • 수확, 세척 전후, 건조 전후와 건조 중의 고추 시료를 사용하여 건고추의 생산 단계 중 곰팡이발생을 조사하였다. 곰팡이 발생량은 무작위 고추 파편을 감자한천배지에 치상하여 배양한 후 자라는 균총수를 계수하였다. 고추 세척기를 이용한 1회 세척은 곰팡이 수 감소에 효과적이지 않았고 세척기 내부와 고추 운반용기에서 곰팡이 오염이 관찰되었다. 건조 고추의 곰팡이 수는 건조 방법에 관계없이 건조 전에 비해 유의하게 증가하였으며 기계 건조 고추가 비가림하우스 건조 고추보다 유의하게 낮았다. 비가림하우스 건조 중 고추의 곰팡이 수가 증가하였고 독성 곰팡이 종도 검출되었다. 따라서 건고추 생산 단계 중 가장 중요한 곰팡이 관리점은 건조 단계이며 그 중 비가림하우스 건조로 볼 수 있다.

결구 배추의 부위별 Chlorantraniliprole 및 Ethaboxam의 잔류수준과 배추 겉잎의 수세 및 열처리에 의한 잔류량 감소 (Residue Levels of Chlorantraniliprole and Ethaboxam in Different Parts of a Head-type Korean Cabbage and Reduction of Residues in Outer Leaves by Water Washing and Heat-treatment)

  • 김준영;이미경
    • 농약과학회지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.330-335
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 chlorantraniliprole과 ethaboxam 성분에 대해 결구 배추 속과 겉잎 중 잔류수준을 비교하고 겉잎의 수세, 데치기 및 가열조리에 의한 농약 잔류량의 변화를 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. Chlorantraniliprole은 3회 살포(수확 전 30일)한 배추 속과 겉잎(포기의 바깥 4장)에서 각각 <0.01 mg/kg, 0.076 mg/kg으로, 4회 살포(수확 전 10일)한 배추 속과 겉잎에서 각각 <0.01 mg/kg, 1.2 mg/kg 수준으로 잔류하였다. Ethaboxam은 3회 살포(수확 전 30일)한 배추 속과 겉잎에서 각각 <0.05 mg/kg, 0.22 mg/kg으로, 4회 살포(수확 전 10일)한 배추 속과 겉잎에서 각각 <0.05 mg/kg, 1.2 mg/kg 수준으로 잔류하였다. 실험한 두 성분은 배추 속에서는 검출되지 않지만 겉잎에 10-100배 높은 수준으로 잔류하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 배추 속을 재료로 하는 배추김치는 농약에 대한 안전성에 대해 우려할 필요가 없을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 농약 잔류실험에서 배추 시료 수확시 겉잎의 제거정도에 대해 주의해야 될 것으로 생각된다. 한편 우거지에서는 두 성분의 잔류농도가 배추 겉잎의 10% 미만으로, 가열처리까지 하게 되면 5% 미만으로 낮아져 수세 및 데치기와 같은 우거지 제조과정에서 상당량의 농약이 제거되는 것을 알 수 있었다.