• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate anti-Salmonella enteritidis (anti-SE) bacteriophage as feed additives to prevent Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phases feeding trial, and 3 different levels (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%) of anti-SE bacteriophage were supplemented in basal diet. The basal diet was regarded as the control treatment. A total of 320 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted by randomized complete block (RCB) design in 8 replicates with 10 chicks per pen. All birds were raised on rice hull bedding in ambient controlled environment and free access to feed and water. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at terminal period among treatments (p>0.05). Relative weights of liver, spleen, abdominal fat and tissue muscle of breast obtained from each anti-SE bacteriophage treatment were similar to control, with a slightly higher value in anti-SE bacteriophage 0.2%. In addition, a numerical difference of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and LDL cholesterol level was observed in the 0.2% anti-SE bacteriophage application even though blood profiles were not significantly affected by supplemented levels of anti-SE bacteriophage (p>0.05). In the result of a 14 d record after Salmonella enteritidis challenge of 160 birds from 4 previous treatments, mortality was linearly decreased with increasing anti-SE bacteriophage level (p<0.05), and Salmonella enteritidis concentration in the cecum was decreased with increasing levels of anti-SE bacteriophage (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it is considered that supplementation of 0.2% anti-SE bacteriophage may not cause any negative effect on growth, meat production, and it reduces mortality after Salmonella enteritidis challenge. These results imply to a possible use of anti-SE bacteriophage as an alternative feed additive instead of antibiotics in broilers diet.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.350-354
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• 2016

There is an urgent need to identify more reliable indicator systems for human pathogenic viruses in water reuse practice. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to different ultraviolet (UV) technologies in real wastewater in order to identify more reliable bacteriophage indicator systems for UV disinfection in wastewater. Bacteriophage ${\varphi}X174$ PRD1, and MS2 in two different real wastewaters were irradiated with several doses of both low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) UV irradiation through bench-scale UV collimated apparatus. The inactivation rate of ${\varphi}X174$ by both LP and MP UV was rapid and reached ${\sim}4{\log}_{10}$ within a UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. However, the inactivation rates of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for ${\varphi}X174$ and only ${\sim}1{\log}_{10}$ inactivation was achieved by the same UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage MS2 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for both LP and MP UV disinfection in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.573-578
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• 2013

A total of 720 1-d-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) with the initial BW = $45{\pm}2$ g were used in a 32-d experiment. Birds were randomly allotted into 1 of 4 treatments according to a completely random block design. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) ANT (CON+0.5 g antibiotics/kg feed (bacitracin methylene disalicylate)), iii) BP1 (CON+0.25 bacteriophage/kg feed), and iv) BP2 (CON+0.5 g bacteriophage/kg feed). The BWG and FI were not affected by dietary treatments throughout the whole experiment, whereas BP2 treatment reduced (p<0.05) the feed conversion ratio compared with the CON treatment during 0 to 14 d. The birds fed bacteriophages at the level of 0.25 g/kg increased (p<0.05) the relative liver weight. The inclusion of antibiotic and bacteriophage significantly reduced (p<0.05) the Escherichia coli and Salmonella concentration in the excreta compared with the NC group. Broilers fed the BP2 treatment had higher (p<0.05) lactobacillus counts compared with those fed NC and PC treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5 g/kg bacteriophages increased feed efficiency and liver weight without effects on the breast muscle properties; also pathogens were inhibited by addition of bacteriophages.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1985

The classification of bacteriophage could be followed by several criteria. In this study three criteria were used for classification of Lactobacillus casei bacteriophag. In serological classification. antiserum was prepared by rabbit and used for classification. The inactivation effect of phage by antiserum was exponential and L. casei phage was classified in to three serological groups by inactivation rate (K-values). The Lac Y group was proved as a new serological group but the Lac J and Lac S group were shown the same results as previous reports. From the comparison of restriction enzyme pattern of phage DNA, Lac J group was divided into four sub-groups. According to the difference of host range, Lac J-II group was further subdivided into three groups. These results were shown that L. casei strains S-1 bacteriophage was classified into 8 sub-groups. The phage YK of Lac Y group was shown to consist of a icosahedral head about 95nm in diameter, a contractile tail about 150nm in length and 20nm in width. The tail of YK phage is composed of stacked disks(4nm repeat)and a hexagonal baseplate. The molecular weight of YK phage DNA was approximately 85.6 Mdalton.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.198-201
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• 1994

The nucleotide sequence of the cohesive end site (cos) of Lactobacillus casei phage J1 genome was determined. Comparison between the nucleotide sequences of the circular cos and the left end of the linear J1 DNA showed that the nicking sites of the terminase were as follows: 5'- GGTCGGCC$\downarrow$ -3' 3'- $\uparrow$CCAGCCGG -5' The cohesive single-stranded ends of J1 were found to be 3'-protruding and composed of 8 nucleotides. The mol% G + C of the cohesive ends was 87.5. The cos site shows dyad symmetry from -33 to + 25 bp if the 5' terminal nucleotide of the left end of the linear J1 DNA is numbered +1. No homology was found among the cos sites of phages reported so far.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2018

Detection of pathogenic microorganisms takes several days by conventional methods. It is necessary to assess microorganisms in a timely manner to reduce the risk of spreading infection. For this purpose, bacteriophages are chosen for use as a biosensing tool due to their host specificity, wide abundance, and safety. However, their lytic cycle limits their efficacy as biosensors. Phage proteins involved in binding to bacteria could be a robust alternative in resolving this drawback. Here, a fragment of tail protein J (residues 784 to 1,132) of phage lambda fused with 6X His-tag (6HN-J) at its N-terminus was cloned, overexpressed, purified, and characterized for its binding with microorganisms. The purified protein demonstrated a size of about 38 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and bound with anti-His monoclonal antibodies. It bound specifically to Escherichia coli K-12, and not Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in dot blotting. Binding of the protein to E. coli K-12 inhibited about 50% of the in vivo adsorption of the phage lambda to host cells at a concentration of $1{\mu}g/ml$ 6HN-J protein and almost 100% at $25{\mu}g/ml$ 6HN-J. The results suggest that a fusion viral protein could be utilized as a biosensing element (e.g., protein chips) for detecting microorganisms in real time.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1985

Five representative virulent phages (J1, TK93, K1, PD5, and CP1) and one temperate phage (.phi.1043) of Lactobacillus casei were compared to each other by analyzing the agarose gel electrophoretic patterns of restriction enzyme-digested phage DNAs. Nucleic acids of all the tested phages were double stranded DNA. DNAs of J1, TK93, K1, and ${\phi}$ 1043 phages had a size of about 42kb, but the size of PD5 and CP1 DNAs was avout 140kb. J1, TK93, K1, PD5, CP1, and ${\phi}$ 1043 DNAs were digested to 13, 13, 11, 14, 14, and 12 fragments by EcoR1, respectively, and showed its characteristec restriction patterns. Cohesive ends were present in J1, TK93, and ${\phi}$ 1043, but were absent in K1, PD5, and CP1. Restriction maps of J1 and TK93 DNAs showed nearly complete homology and their evolutionary relationship based upon the restriction analysis was discussed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 1982

Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 was infected with phage J1 and subjected to grow in $Ca^{＋＋}$ -free MRT (spell out) medium under the presence of four different types of phosphates, sodium-metaphosphate,-pyrophos-phate,-dibasic phosphate, and potassium-phosphate. Among the phosphates tested, sodium pyrophosphate showed sufficient inhibition on the lytic activity of the phage at 0.1% level whereas other phosphate needed more than 0.2% for the same effect. When the concentration of sodium pyrophosphate increased to 0.17%, the bacteria could be protected from lysis until the second succeeding transfer.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 1982

A lactic starter organism, Lactobaciilus casei YIT 9018 was treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) to obtain phage-resistant mutants. Freshly grown cells suspended in citrate buffer were exposed to NTG of 50 g/$m\ell$ for 40 min. Among 88 colonies isolated eight colonies showed distinct resistance to phages isolated previously from milk plants. The eight new colonies showed character similar to the original L. casei except that they responded differently to phage of different sources and thus were designated as eight different mutants of L casei. From the phage resisting toaether with the fermentative ability equivalent to the mother organism the mutants may be considered to be used as starter cultures for fermented milk.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.