• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.635-640
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• 2019

CpG-DNA triggers the proliferation and differentiation of B cells which results in the increased production of antibodies. The presence of bacteria-reactive IgM in normal serum was reported; however, the relevance of CpG-DNA with the production of bacteria-reactive IgM has not been investigated. Here, we proved the function of CpG-DNA for the production of bacteria-reactive IgM. CpG-DNA administration led to increased production of bacteria-reactive IgM both in the peritoneal fluid and serum through TLR9 signaling pathway. When we stimulated B cells with CpG-DNA, production of bacteria-reactive IgM was reproduced in vitro. We established a bacteria-reactive monoclonal IgM antibody using CpG-DNA stimulated-peritoneal B cells. The monoclonal IgM antibody enhanced the phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells against S. aureus MW2 infection. Therefore, we suggest that CpG-DNA enhances the antibacterial activity of the immune system by triggering the production of bacteria-reactive IgM. We also suggest the possible application of the antibodies for the treatment of antibiotics-resistant bacterial infections.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1150-1158
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• 2009

Since equipment currently being used in the department of radiological technology comes into contact with patients carrying diseases, there inevitably will be the existence of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, in order to increase the importance of using disinfectant in hospital infection precaution and the recognition of hospital infection management, comparisons were made by measuring the bacterial contamination levels in radiology room within the department of radiological technology and comparing the measurements with post disinfection levels. Disinfecting the rooms from detected bacteria was conducted with water, tissue cleaner, or 70% alcohol. When measuring bacterial contamination levels in radiology rooms, a variety of bacteria was detected. When disinfecting the interior of radiology rooms the effectiveness of destroying bacteria and preventing hospital infection was greatest when using 70% alcohol compared to water, tissue cleaner and ventilation. Therefore, there needs to be a development of a better antiseptic for destroying bacteria because there is a possibility for hospital medical equipment to be constantly contaminated. Efforts need to be made to prevent hospital infections and patient secondary infection by disinfecting and sterilizing equipment.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.32.1-32.20
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• 2022

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathology of these exocrine glands is characterized by periductal focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and both T cell-mediated tissue injury and autoantibodies that interfere with the secretion process underlie glandular hypofunction. In addition to these adaptive mechanisms, multiple innate immune pathways are dysregulated, particularly in the salivary gland epithelium. Our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS has substantially improved during the past decade. In contrast to viral infection, bacterial infection has never been considered in the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, oral dysbiosis associated with SS and evidence for bacterial infection of the salivary glands in SS were reviewed. In addition, the potential contributions of bacterial infection to innate activation of ductal epithelial cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells and to the breach of tolerance via bystander activation of autoreactive T cells and molecular mimicry were discussed. The added roles of bacteria may extend our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for this autoimmune exocrinopathy.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2021

Odontogenic infection in the oral and maxillofacial regions caused by bacteria (mostly of oral origin) is one of the most common diseases encountered by dentists. Localized infection can easily be treated with incision and drainage followed by antibiotics. Emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria called "Superbacteria" has become one of the serious problems in modern society, due to its small window of opportunity for treatment and high casualty. The acronym "ESKAPE", encompassing the common and serious MDR pathogens stand for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. Literature search was performed in Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar ranging from 2012 to 2020. ESKAPE patient's infection period was longer than that of non-ESKAPE group, and the treatment method due to antibiotic resistance was also complicated. The purpose of this study is to investigate infection caused by ESKAPE pathogens in the oral and maxillofacial regions through literature review and to inform dental surgeons of the danger of ESKAPE pathogens and to suggest viable treatment options. Many studies worldwide reported infections associated with ESKAPE pathogens, but only limited number of studies targeted infection in oral and maxillofacial regions. Further research is required with more data on ESKAPE bacteria and their infection, especially in oral and maxillofacial regions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.324-331
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• 2019

Objectives: This study investigated the types and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria in odontogenic abscesses. Materials and Methods: Pus specimens from 1,772 patients were collected from affected areas during incision and drainage, and bacterial cultures and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed. The number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was analyzed relative to the total number of bacteria that were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Results: Bacterial cultures from 1,772 patients showed a total of 2,489 bacterial species, 2,101 gram-positive and 388 gram-negative. For penicillin G susceptibility tests, 2 out of 31 Staphylococcus aureus strains tested showed sensitivity and 29 showed resistance. For ampicillin susceptibility tests, all 11 S. aureus strains tested showed resistance. In ampicillin susceptibility tests, 46 out of 50 Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae strains tested showed resistance. Conclusion: When treating odontogenic maxillofacial abscesses, it is appropriate to use antibiotics other than penicillin G and ampicillin as the first-line treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 2004

Bacteria isolated from nasal cavity of 50 Thoroughbred horses with respiratory tract infection were examined. There were isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa(33.5%), Escherichia coli(10.2%), Pseudomonas spp(7.6%), Klebsiella oxytoca(5.9%), Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemious(6.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae(3.4%), Acinetobacter spp(5.5%) and coagulase negative staphylococcus(2.1%). The majority of isolates were highly susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefotetan, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, tetracyclin and vancomycin. These results can provide basic information for the treatments of respiratory tract infections in Thoroughbred horses.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.154-158
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• 2013

The unnatural dead body refers to a corpse which is suspicious of unusual death and the dead case has been occurred more than 20 thousands times every year during the recent five years and most of them are found decayed. Police Scientific Investigators investigate unnatural dead bodies and its surroundings in all-around way and determine whether the death is involved with a crime, and most of the Scientific Investigators are exposed to a danger to get infected with pathogenic bacteria which are generated during the decaying process of dead body and are mostly to cause serious injuries on human beings. In line with the fact, the present study conducted a bacterial analysis by collecting excretions from 60 dead bodies and culturing the bacteria to evaluate infection risk of the police agents. The study cultured bacteria from 60 bodies and classified pathogenic bacteria of 108 strains, and its main bacteria are found to be them (; Acinetobacter baumannii 20 strains (19%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19 strains (18%), E. coli 18 strains (17%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 11 strains (10%), Proteus mirabillis 10 strains (9%), Enterococcus faecium 10 strains (9%), Staphylococcus aureus 9 strains (8%), Bacillus spp. 5 strains (5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 strains (3%), Candida albicans 2 strains (2%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1 strains (1%)). The study results are expected to be used as educational data for preventing the Police Scientific Investigator from infections with bacteria or as a minimum data for improving work environment of the agents.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2013

Salmonella is one of the major pathogenic bacteria that cause food poisoning. This study investigated whether heat-killed as well as live Lactobacillus protects host animal against Salmonella infection. Live and heat-killed Lactobacillusacidophilus was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 2 weeks before the rats were inoculated with Salmonella. Rise in body temperature was moderate in the group that was treated with heat-killed bacteria as compared to the Salmonella control group. The mean amount of feed intake and water consumption of each rat in the heat-killed bacteria group were nearly normal. The number of fecal Salmonellae was comparable between the live and the heat-killed L. acidophilus groups. This finding shows that L. acidophilus facilitates the excretion of Salmonella. Moreover, the levels of pro inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta, in the heat-killed L. acidophilus group were significantly lower when compared to the levels in the Salmonella control group. These results indicate that nonviable lactic acid bacteria also could play an important role in preventing infections by enteric pathogens such as Salmonella.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2014

Bacterial infection of the uterus in Hanwoo can kill embryos. Therefore, many antibiotics have been used to treat this infection in the uterus of repeat breeders. Incorrect use of antibiotics has led to resistance in bacteria. Natural compounds have used as substitutes for antibiotics because they are safe and have very mild side effects. This study was conducted to examine the antimicrobial effects of five extracts from medicinal plants including Humulus japonicas (Hj), Phelledendron amurense (Pa), Viola mandshurica (Vm), Carthamus tinctorius (Ct), and Chelidoni herba (Ch) on bacteria isolated from the uterus of Hanwoo using the paper disc diffusion method. Hj and Pa extracts had potent antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus lentus, Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli, and Bacillus pumilus. Pa had the greatest antimicrobial effect among the five medicinal plants and was effective against 19 types of bacteria from bovine uterus. Compared to Pa, Hj showed weaker antimicrobial effects on all the bacteria tested except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vm, Ct, and Ch also showed weak antimicrobial effects on the tested bacteria. The results obtained suggest that Hj and Pa are natural compounds suitable for treating bacterial infection in repeat breeders and improving conception rates of Hanwoo.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1233-1237
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• 2005

Catechin products in green tea extract was prepared to investigate antibacterial activity on the pathogenic bacteria. Survival of pathogenic bacteria (MASA - methicillin resistant Staphylocouus aureus, E.coli O157 and S. typhimurium Sal-13) in tryptic soy agar(TSA) containing Catechin products powder incubated at various concentration was evaluated. TSA containing $0{\sim}2%(w/v)$ of Catechin products was inoculated approximately $10^4\;CFU/ml$ of pathogenic bacteria and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The plate counting technique and clear zoon test were used to test survival effect of the Catechin products. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was derived from the survival curves of pathogenic bacteria. S. typhimurium Sal-13 was the most sensitive strain to Catechin products. This result suggested that Catechin products can be used as an effective natural antibacterial agent.