• 의료법학
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.45-72
• /
• 2012

The National Health Insurance Corporation has been retrieving from health care providers the payments made to them by insured patients as a result of the health care providers' arbitrary denial of coverage under the National Health Insurance, and has been disbursing such retrieved monies back to the patients, pursuant to Article 57, Sections 1 and 4 of the National Health Insurance Act. However, such practice is an application of the law that lacks legal exactitude. Another problem with such practice is that there is no legal provision under any laws or notices that expressly prohibits arbitrary denial of coverage. A legislative solution, therefore, is called for to address these issues.

• 현장농수산연구지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.29-41
• /
• 2008

This research was conducted to develop a technology transfer and farmer's extension of newly released technology of Bokto seeding method for crop and vegetable production based on the theory of Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology(APCTT). This technology has recently transferred to not only Korea but also other countries like North Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia and Africa(Cameroon, Sudan and South Africa) since 2005. It has known as a highly reduction of production cost in terms of labors, chemical fertilizer and pesticides as well as environmental friendly due to a deep and side banded placement of chemical fertilizer at basal application. In addition this technology was proven to a precision farming on sowing depth and mechanism of chemical application method and also highly resistant against disasters like typhoon, flooding, low temperature, drought and lodging due to silicate application. It has improved a constraints such as a poor seedling establishment, weed occurrence, lodging, low yield and poor grain and eating quality in the previous direct seeding methods but still have a problem in occurrence of weedy rice and ununiformed operation of wet or flooded soil condition. Also this technology has a limit in marketing and A/S system. Based on a theory of APCTT evaluation and analysis this technology may be more concentrated on establishment of a special cooperation team among researcher and scientists, extension workers, industry sections and governmental sectors in order to rapidly transfer this technology to farmer's field. Also there will be needed to operate a web site for this newly released technology to inform and exchange an idea, experiences and newly improved information. A feed back system might be operated in this technology as well to improve a technology under way on users' operation. Also user's manual will be internationally released and provided for farmer's instruction and training at field site.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2012

This study investigates flow fields and energy dissipation due to regular wave interaction with a perforated vertical breakwater, through velocity data measurement in a two-dimensional wave tank. As the waves propagate through the perforated breakwater, the incoming wave energy is reflected back to the ocean, dissipated due to very turbulent flows near the perforations and inside the chamber, and transmitted through the perforations of the breakwater. This transmitted energy is further reduced due to the presence of the perforated back wall. Hence most of the energy is either reflected or dissipated in the vicinity of the structure, and only a small amount of the incoming wave energy is transmitted through the structure. In this study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was employed to measure two-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields in the vicinity of the structure. Measured velocity data was treated statistically, and used to calculate mean flow fields, turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy. For investigation of the flow pattern, time-averaged mean velocity fields were examined, and discussed using the cross-sections through slot and wall for comparison. Flow fields were obtained and compared for various cases with different regular wave conditions. In addition, turbulent kinetic energy was estimated as an approach to understand energy dissipation near the perforated breakwater. The turbulent kinetic energy was distributed against wave height and wave period to see the dependence on wave conditions.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보처리학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회
• /
• pp.349-350
• /
• 2009

In this paper, we describe an error concealment techniques based on image inpainting for the image impairments due to the packet loss. Image inpainting is to remove or restore the damaged sections from the images, which is usually old images, paintings, or video films. Inpainting has a long history which goes back to the era when the paintings come out. Manual inpainting is no more used, and we can use digital inpainting for the digitally impaired images and video sequences. In this paper, we review the error concealment techniques for the packet loss recovery and propose our inpainting based image impairment recovery scheme for video communication over packet networks.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.271-280
• /
• 2009

The objective of this study is to develop a reliable flow forecasting model based on neural network algorithm in order to provide flow rate at stream sections without flow measurement in Nakdong river. Stream flow rate measured at 8-days interval by Nakdong river environment research center, daily upper dam discharge and precipitation data connecting upstream stage gauge were used in this development. Back propagation neural network and multi-layer with hidden layer that exists between input and output layer are used in model learning and constructing, respectively. Model calibration and verification is conducted based on observed data from 3 station in Nakdong river.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.115-125
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study analyzed the amount of stress and the different effects according to the working times(hours) of a week in two groups: more than 40 hours a week and less than 40 hours a week. Method: The study was conducted from November 1st 2005 to December 15th 2005. The purpose of the study has already been explained in the experiment objectives. 20 copies of evaluation forms were sent by mail to 50 different health sections of participating work sites. A total of 1,000 copies were sent out and 870 were sent back. Within the forms, sent back 120 copies had insufficient data, so 750 copies of evaluation forms were analyzed. Result: Working stress for under 40 hours of working time showed a total of 46.10 points and 47.18 for over 40 hours of working time. For over 40 hours, job demand and occupational climate was high and under 40 hours showed a high rate of job control. For under 40 hours of working time, the factors that caused stress were female, irregular diet habit, age of 30's, nonmanufacturing, and single. For over 40 hours of working time, the factors that causes stress were age of over 40, when the number of employees is 500~999, high rate of fatigue, when the position of the employee is higher then section chief, and when the work amount is high. Conclusion: The stress rate showed significantly higher in over 40 hours of working time. Therefore, adequate working hour distribution and health promotion programs are needed. The factors that cause stress in both under and over 40 hours of working time differed. Therefore, a distinguished program to control work stress for additional working time is needed.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.24-34
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 수관식 보일러의 열교환기를 모사하기 위하여 수관의 존재 유무에 따른 화염의 안정화와 연소 특성을 당량비와 유속에 따라 비교하였다. 버너는 화염이 존재하는 SiC foam과 역화 방지를 위한 세라믹 보드, 균일한 유동장을 형성하는 알루미나 볼로 구성되며, 반경 반향의 열 손실을 최소화하기 위하여 단열재로 밀폐되어 있다. 결과적으로 수관이 존재하는 경우 낮은 당량비 구간에서 역화 및 날림 현상의 경계가 넓어지는 것을 안정화 영역에서 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 수관이 존재하는 경우 NOx 배출량이 수관이 없는 경우보다 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 수관이 존재함으로써 열 손실을 억제하여 화염의 온도가 증가하는 것으로 판단하였으며, O₂ 배출량과 화염의 온도를 예측하여 입증하였다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.12-22
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 팔당호 내 주요지점에서 수심별 연속 수리 및 수온 조사를 수행하여 팔당호의 시공간적 물순환 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이포보와 청평댐에서의 수온 및 방류 패턴의 차이로 인하여 팔당호 내 북한강 및 남한강 구간에서의 흐름 및 수온 변동특성이 상이하게 나타났다. 수직혼합기에는 북한강과 남한강 구간의 전 층에서 하류방향 흐름이 우세하게 나타났다. 성층형성기에 이포보 방류수의 수온이 청평댐 방류수의 수온보다 높았으며, 이로 인해 북한강 하류 구간에서 표층은 상대적으로 고온수가 위치하여 상류방향 흐름으로 배수 현상이 나타나고 수렴대가 형성되었다. 남한강 하류 구간은 중층과 저층에서 저온수가 분포하여 상류방향 흐름이 나타나고 표층과 혼합되기 어려운 이층류 구조를 나타내었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.211-220
• /
• 2023

Background: Smartphone addiction has emerged as a significant social problem. Numerous studies have indicated the association between smartphone use and discomfort in the musculoskeletal system of the upper extremities. Objects: This cross-sectional survey aimed to compare the characteristics of musculoskeletal pain in the neck, trunk, and upper limbs between individuals with smartphone addiction and those without addiction. Methods: We collected a total of 326 healthy individuals' data from China and Korea who had owned and used smartphones for more than 5 years between 20-50s through an online questionnaire consisting of 84 questions in four major sections. The first part contained basic information on the participant's personal characteristics and smartphones. The second part contained questions about smartphone use and posture. The third part was the smartphone addiction. The fourth part was to investigate musculoskeletal pain in various upper body parts. Results: Smartphone addiction has a weak negative correlation with age (r = -0.20, p < 0.01) and a weak positive correlation with the hours of smartphone use (r = 0.376, p < 0.01). Frequent musculoskeletal pain symptoms related to smartphone use were observed in the neck, shoulder, lower back, and wrists. The hours of smartphone use was slightly positively associated with the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder (r = 0.162, p < 0.05) and lower back (r = 0.125, p < 0.05). The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the neck (χ² = 3.993, p < 0.05), shoulder (χ² = 6.465, p < 0.05), and wrist (χ² = 4.645, p < 0.05) was significantly higher among females than males. Conclusion: The results suggest that smartphone addiction should be recognized as a dual concern encompassing both physical health and psychosocial aspects. Furthermore, healthcare professionals, including physicians and physical therapists, should consider clients' smartphone usage patterns when assessing and treating with musculoskeletal pain.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.960-967
• /
• 2012

The study aims to design the corset type long-line bra patterns that compensate part-somatotype of women in their 20s. The corset type long-line research bra patterns consist of 4 sections: cup, front bodice, back bodice, and shoulder strap. The full cup is made up of 2 lower part pieces and 1 upper part piece, and the shoulder strap is 16 millimeters wide. The method to design the patterns is shown in figure 4 and figure 5. The result of wearing test showed that, while the wearing testers recognized some significant differences in 19 out of 26 criteria, the examiners did in 17 out of 23. The criteria more than 1 in an average value between research bras and commercial bras were 'appropriateness of breadth of shoulder strap', 'appropriateness of pressure of armhole circumference'. 'appropriateness of pressure of waist', 'suitability of side line and body curve', 'appropriateness of positional pressure of chest circumference', 'appropriateness of positional pressure of upper part line', 'appropriateness of positional pressure of bottom part line', and 'satisfaction of whole silhouette of side and back'. The research and commercial bras were evaluated 4.23 and 3.44 respectively by the testers, and 4.25 and 3.40 by the examiners. The former ones were scored higher by both parties. They were also appreciated higher in general silhouettes of fitting and appearance.