• 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-168
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• 2002

The intervocalic Korean liquid sound has been recognized as a flap in the studies of the Korean language. But there has been very little experimental data corroborating it. The electropalatographic (EPG) experiment was conducted to test this. The subjects were one Korean speaker and one native English speaker who had a pseudopalate and did the EPG experiment at the UCLA phonetics laboratory. The spectrographic evidence of the flaps in both the English t-flap and the Korean liquid flap was also sought. The English and Korean flaps were between mid/low back vowels so that the vowels themselves would not affect palatal contacts of the tongue. The results confirmed that the Korean liquid is realized as a flap in intervocallical position with many similar properties to English flap in both EPG and spectrographic data. The Korean initial liquid sound in borrowed words such as 'rotary' and 'radio' was also a flap. But the Korean liquid in the word-final and geminate positions was a lateral as in words 'dol ' (stone), 'dollo' (with stone), 'nal' (day) and 'nallara' (carry). The intuitive theory of the Korean liquid flap was proved by the EPG and spectrographic data.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.106-112
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• 1991

A 37-year old man was admitted due to the left subauricular mass of 6 month duration which was 3 x 4cm sized, pulsatile and slowly growing He was suffered from the intermittent left facial and auricular pain radiating to the occipital area. The carotid angiography revealed 3x4cm sized saccular aneurysm of the left internal carotid artery just above the carotid bifurcation, extending to the mandibular angle level. He was planned to be operated under the direct clamp of internal carotid artery or shunting procedure. But, the back pressure of the internal carotid was 35mmHg, which suggested adequate cerebral collateral. Thereby, aneurysmectomy and restoration of cerebral blood flow with saphenous vein graft was done under the direct clamp of internal carotid artery for 25 minutes. Although mild transient neurologic sequelae such as mydriasis, tongue deviation for 10 days, he recovered completely without any complication. The aneurysmal sac had no thrombus and pathologic finding was compatible with congenital origin.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.66-69
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• 1993

Granular cell tumor is mostly benign and thought to be of Schwann ceil origin. The head and neck, particularly tongue, breast, and upper respiratory tract are frequently involved. Recently, we have experienced a case of granular cell tumor of the right thigh in a 30-year old male, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology which revealed distinct cytologic features The smear revealed cellular aspirates with clear back-ground. The tumor cells showed uniform small nuclei and abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm with hazy cell border. Mitoses were not found.

• 인지과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

본 연구는 만 12-35개월 아동들의 발화에 나타나는 모음 대치 현상에 대한 고찰을 통하여 아동의 모음 체계 구성과 그 변화 과정을 밝히고자 하였다. 또한, 자질별로 모음 대치 현상이 일어나는 비율과 해당 대치음에 대한 산출율을 비교함으로써 분절음 대치 현상과 음 산출 사이의 상관관계 및 분절음 대치 현상의 원인을 함께 검토하였다. 그 결과 혓몸 자질에 의한 모음 변별이 원순성 자질에 의한 모음 변별보다 앞서서 이루어지는 것으로 나타났고, 그 시기는 각각 24개월 무렵과 36개월 이후로 밝혀졌다. 또한 변별이 전혀 안 되던 상태에서 변별이 완전해지는 상태로 이행하는 시기에 두 음소 사이의 일방향적 대치가 두드러지는 현상이 나타나는데, 이러한 현상은 어떤 음이 아동의 음운 체계에서 하나의 음소로 자리 잡기 시작하는 때에 해당 음의 변별적 자질을 다른 음에 확대하는 과잉 적용 현상으로 해석된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.982-989
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• 2004

The following is the conclusion drawn from a review on the clinical cases cured by Jaeumkangwha-tang in perspective of Hyungsang medicine. Jaeumkangwha-tang originated from the modified Jibaiksamul-tang in 'Manbyunghuichun(萬病回春)' and applied to the diseases induced by flaming fire due to deficiency of Yin. In 'Donguibogam', there are two kinds of Jaeumkangwha-tang. One in the chapter of kidney is mainly prescribed to replenish the Jung of kidney and applicable to the cases with configuration and symptom of kidney along with fire. The other one in the chapter of fire is applied to the symptoms of flaming fire due to deficiency of Yin. The characteristics of the patients treated by Jaeumkangwha-tang from the viewpoint of Hyungsang medicine can be classified as follows : ① configuration: Dam type, Shin type, inverted triangular type(:天垂象), bird type, round eyes, thin lips, slender waist, thin leg, pretty face, sparkling eyes, prominent upper lip and upward eyes and nose. ② color : dark red complexion, red cheek bone, red lips and red glabella. ③ pulse : fine and fast pulse and pulsation on the Chuk(尺) in man and so forth. ④ symptoms: agility, talkativeness, pimpled face, crooked back, weakness to the heat of summer, light eating, timidity, blood-shot eyes, night sweat, cough, abundant phlegm, hemoptysis, bloody spittle, enervation, emaciation, back pain, flaccidity of lower limbs, involuntary emission, nocturnal emission, heat sensation in the chest palms and soles, anger, flush on cheek bone, red lips and dry mouth, reddish tongue, stiff excrement, scanty yellow urine, etc.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-25
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• 2000

We were trying to study the validity of Puffer fish's poison(Tetrodotoxin- TTX) to make a traditional Korean Medical treatment. The following conclusions were made after literary studies. 1. The first record of the puffer fish dates back 2000 years ago in the Chinese text Book of Mountain and Sea and other texts from the similar period. 2. Puffer fish's poison IS known as tetrodotoxin which is an amino perhydroquinazoline compound. It has a chemical formula of $C_{11}H_{17}N_3O_8$ in the hemiacetal structure and has the molecular weight of 319. 3. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) plays a role as potent neurotransmitter blocker by blocking the $Na^+$ -gate channel which hinders the influx of $Na^+$ ion into the cell. 4. Symptoms of the puffer fish poisoning ranges from blunted sense in the lips and tongue, occasional vomiting in the first degree to sudden descending of the blood pressure, apnea, and other critical conditions in the fourth degree. Intoxication of the puffer fish poison progresses at a rapid pace as death may occur after an hour and half up to eight hours in maximum. Typical death occurs after four to six hours. 5. Ways to treat the puffer fish poisoning include gastric irrigation, induce vomiting, purgation, intravenous fluid injection, and correcting electrolytic imbalance and acidosis. In cases of dyspnea, apply oxygen inhalation and conduct artificial respiration. 6. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) may be applied in treating brain disorders, ocular pain, excess pain in the large intestine and ileum, and relieving tension of the skeletal museles, neuralgia, rheumatism, arthritis, and etc. 7. In terms of Oriental medicine, the puffer fish poison has characteristics of sweet, warm, and poisonous. It's known efficacies are to tonify weakness, dispel damp, benefit the lower back, relieve hemorrhoid, kills parasites, remove edema, and so forth. And the puffer fish eggs processed with ginger are said to be effective against tuberculosis and lung cancer, thus, it's validity must be investigated and further research should be followed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2017

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

Several studies on the pronunciation of English vowels point out that Korean learners have difficulty distinguishing English tense and lax vowel pairs. The acoustic comparisons of those studies are mostly based on the formant measurement at one time point of a given vowel section. However, the English lax vowels usually show dynamic changes across their syllable peaks and subjects' English levels account for various conflicting results. The purposes of this paper are to compare the temporal duration and dynamic formant tracks of English tense and lax vowel pairs produced by five Korean and five American males. The subjects were graduate students of an American state university. Results showed that both the Korean and American males produced the vowels with comparable durations. The duration of the front tense-lax vowel pair was longer than that of the back vowel pair. From the formant track comparisons, the American males produced the tense and lax pairs much more distinctly than the Korean male speakers. The results suggest that the Korean males should pay attention to the F1 and F2 movements, i.e., the jaw and tongue movements, in order to match those of the American males. Further studies are recommended on the auditorily acceptable ranges of F2 variation for the lax vowels.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2000

The English schwa sound has special characteristics which are distinct from other vowels. It is non-phonemic and occurs only in an unstressed syllable. Compared with the English schwa, the Korean /e/ is a full vowel which has phonemic contrast. This paper had three aims. One was to see whether there is any relationship between English full vowels and their reduced vowel schwas. Second was to see whether there is any possible target in the English schwa sounds which are derived from different full vowels. The third was to compare the English non-phoneme vowel schwa and the Korean full vowel /e/ in terms of articulatory positions and duration. The study results showed that there is no relationship between each of the full vowels and its schwa. The schwa tended to converge into a possible target which was F1 456 and F2 1560. The Korean vowel /e/ seemed to have its distinct position speaker-individual which is different from the neutral tongue position. The evidence that the Korean /e/ is a back vowel was supported by the Seoul dialect speaker. In duration, the English schwa was much shorter than the full vowels, but there was no significant difference in length between the Korean /e/ and other Korean vowels.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-90
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• 2023

Endotracheal intubation is often necessary in the course of animal experiments, especially in craniofacial surgery. However, endotracheal intubation can be a major burden in this context. The authors performed simple and cost-saving method using a 200 µL yellow micropipette tip, and the success of this method was demonstrated by X-ray and autopsy. We used a total of 30 rats. After the rats were fixed with a plaster, the trachea and vocal cords were visualized with the tongue pulled back. Under direct visualization of the vocal cords, a curving micropipette tip was advanced into the trachea. This method can be learned quickly and applied successfully by general experimenters. We successfully intubated all 30 rats without any complications. The success rate of micropipette tip intubation was 100%. This procedure was performed by one experimenter within 2 to 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia. We demonstrated its superiority by X-ray and autopsy. Herein, we describe endotracheal intubation of rats using micropipette tips. To the best of our knowledge, this method is novel and represents the simplest and most efficient means of intubation in rats, providing an alternative to conventional endotracheal intubation.