• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.364-368
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• 2007

Enterobacter sakazakii may be related to outbreaks of meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, mainly in neonates. To reduce the risk of E. sakazakii in baby foods, thermal characteristics for Korean E. sakazakii isolates were determined at 52, 56, and $60^{\circ}C$ in saline solution, rehydrated powdered infant formula, and dried baby food. In saline solution, their D-values were 12-16, 3-5, and 0.9-1 min for each temperature. D-values increased to 16-20, 4-5, and 2-4 min in rehydrated infant formula and 14-17, 5-6, and 2-3 min in dried baby food. The overall calculated z-value was 6-8 for saline, 8-10 for powdered infant formula, and 9-11 for dried baby food. Thermal inactivation of E. sakazakii during rehydration of powdered infant formula was investigated by viable counts. Inactivation of cultured E. sakazakii in infant formula milk did not occur for 20 min at room temperature after rehydration with the water at $50^{\circ}C$ and their counts were reduced by about 1-2 log CFU/g at $60^{\circ}C$ and 4-6 log CFU/ml with the water at 65 and $70^{\circ}C$. However, the thermo stability of adapted E. sakazakii to the powdered infant formula increased more than two times. Considering that the levels of E. sakzakii observed in powdered infant formula have generally been 1 CFU/100 g of dry formula or less, contamination with E. sakazakii can be reduced or eliminated by rehydrating water with at least $10^{\circ}C$ higher temperature than the manufacturer-recommended $50^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.96-101
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• 1998

The prevalence of iron deficiency in later infancy and the toddler years(25% to 40% at 1 year of age) has not decreased remarkably , except in Western countries. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the relationship between current feeding practices and iron status, and 2) assess compliance to infant feeding instructions. Two groupsof infants were examined. The first group of 302 infants aged 6 to 24months was seen at a well baby clinic while the second group of 135 infants of the same age group was assessed by venipuncture. Cutoff values for laboratory tests were as follows ; hemoglobin<11g/dL, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <72fl ; red cell distribution width(RDW)>15% ; serum ferritin level<10ng/ml ; and transferrin saturation (serum iron(TIBC)<10%. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was made when a low hemoglobin level was associated with either low ferritin orlow transferrin saturation . Of the 302 children brought to the well baby clinic , 12.3%(n=37) were found to have anemia (hemoglobin<11.0/dL). In terms of children grouped according to feeding practices, it was found that children with anemial comprised 32.0% (24/75) of the prolonged breast-fed group (Group A), significantly more than the 4.0%(7/176) of the artificial milk feeding group(Group B). and 3.9%(2/51) of the switched from breast milk to iron -fortified weaning foods group(Group C).Among the 107 children with IDA , iron deficiency in 105 children(98.1%) was suggested by their dietary histories ; exclusive or prolonged breast-feeding for more than 6 months without iron fortification in 98 infants ; cow's milk consumption> 500ml/day without iron fortification during infancy(n=12), or >800ml without iron-fortified foods after infancy(n=15) ; and the use of unfortified forumula or unbalanced diets, mainly limited to rice gruel. Despite the relatively high (79.6%) motivation on the part of the infants mothers and supervison by professional personnel, the poor results in the infants receiving iron fortified foods were due to poor compliance(85.75). Among the mothers of 98 IDA patients who were contacted by telephone , it was revealed that 29% did not give the oral iron preparation for more than 2 months. Furthermore, negligence or disregard by the parents occurred in 14% of the case , discontinuance of the oral iron preparation by the parents due to side effects occurred in 6%, and the children's refusal or poor oral intake and no further trial occurred in 6%. The dietary history of a large group of infants was highly predictive of their risk for anemia . Continued consumption of breast milk until the age of 1 year is not warranted unless iron-fortified foods are given concomitantly. Because there is a problem with compliance, more successful and safe strategies for preventing iron deficiency woold included dual coverage in the from of therapeutic iron supplementation as well use of iron-fortified foods for teddlers who are at risk of iron deficiency.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.500-509
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• 2017

본 연구는 농촌지역 다문화가정의 이유식 실태와 지식, 태도 등을 살펴보고자 2015년 12월부터 2016년 3월까지 설문조사로 진행되었으며 92명을 최종 대상으로 하였다. 조사내용으로는 가구 및 아기에 대한 일반적인 특성, 이유식 실태, 이유식에 대한 지식, 태도, 실천 등이었다. 이유식 지식 평균점수는 3.79였고, 태도 평균점수는 4.07이었으며, 실천군은 25.0%였다. 이유식 지식에서는 총 자녀수가 2명 이상, 아기 어머니의 학력이 높은 경우, 출신국적이 중국 또는 일본, 한국어 능력이 상급, 아기 아버지의 학력이 높은 경우, 결혼생활 기간이 6년 이상, 아기 할머니와 동거하지 않는 경우, 이유식 주담 당자가 아기 어머니인 경우, 이유식 상담 및 교육을 받은 경우에서 높았다(p<0.05). 이유식 태도에서는 총 자녀수가 2명 이상, 아기 어머니 한국어 능력이 상급, 이유식 주담당자가 아기 어머니인 경우와 이유식 상담 및 교육을 받은 경우에서 높았다(p<0.05). 이유식 실천에서는 아기 어머니 출신국적이 일본과 캄보디아인 경우, 직업이 없는 경우, 이유식 주담당자가 아기 어머니인 경우에서 높았다(p<0.05). 이유식 실천에 따른 지식과 태도 점수를 보면, 이유식 실천군에서 지식(p<0.001) 및 태도가 미실천군보다 높았다. 다문화가정의 영유아 이유식 실천을 위해서 우선 이유식 주담당자인 아기 어머니를 대상으로 한국어 능력을 향상시키는 것이 중요하며, 주변 동료 지지자를 활용해서 이유식과 관련된 올바른 정보를 제공하는 것이 요구된다. 또한 다문화가정의 문화를 이해하면서 출신국적에 따른 차별화된 맞춤형 교육 및 서비스 제공이 필요하다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한지역사회영양학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 및 비만ㆍ다이어트 박람회
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• pp.102-102
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• 2003

영아기의 영양상태는 일생동안의 건강상태에 영향을 미친다는 점에서 매우 중요시되고 있으나, 영아의 어머니들은 이유식에 대한 올바른 지식을 갖고 있지 못하다는 점이 우려되고 있다. 또한 우리나라에서 영유아를 대상으로 실시한 연구는 주로 1976∼1985년 사이에 활발하게 이루어 졌으나, 1990년대 이후로는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 청주시 영유아의 이유실태와 더불어 최근 대중매체에 광고되고 있는 이유식 광고 문구 중 일부를 발췌하여 그에 대한 신뢰도를 알아보고자 설문조사를 실시하였다. (중략)

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.799-804
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 생후 9-12개월 된 영아에게 재 수화시킨 후 숟가락으로 떠서 먹일 수 있는 비교적 입자가 큰 알갱이 형태의 이유식용 냉동건조 당근의 최적 건조조건을 결정하였다. 이를 위하여 가열판 온도와 압력을 달리하면서 당근을 냉동 건조시킨 후, 냉동건조시간과 물리적 특성 및 관능적 특성을 측정하였다. 냉동건조시간은 가열판 온도가 높고 압력이 높을수록 감소하였다. 관능적 특성 중 당근의 색, 연한 정도 및 당근의 향미는 가열판 온도가 감소함에 따라 증가하였다. 또한 압력은 냉동 건조 당근의 관능적 특성에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. 이유식용 냉동 건조 당근의 제조 시 바람직한 특성을 가능한 한 최대로 하면서 건조시간은 가능한 한 최소로 할 수 있는 최적조건은 가열판 온도는 $43^{\circ}C$, 압력은 700 micronHg로 결정되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.537-553
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• 2023

본 연구는 이유식 단계에 따른 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 및 영양적 질 평가를 바탕으로 객관적인 영양평가 결과를 제시하여 국내 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 기준을 설정하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 2021년 3월부터 12월까지 대형마트 방문조사와 이유식 업체 홈페이지를 통해 판매되고 있는 생후 5개월부터 36개월을 대상으로 한 시판 이유식 중 미음, 묽은 죽, 죽, 진밥, 밥에 해당하는 1,587개 제품의 식품 및 영양표시 정보를 수집하여 분석하였다. 판매업체 규모는 모든 이유식 단계에서 중소기업, 중견기업, 대기업 순으로 제품이 많았다 (p < 0.0001). 1포장량의 섭취 가능한 횟수는 1단계 2.8회, 2단계 1.9회, 3단계 1.4회, 4단계 1.1회로 나타났다. 모든 시판 이유식은 국내산 재료를 포함하고 있었으며, 99.8%의 제품에 유기농산물이 포함되어 있었다. 시판 이유식 재료의 DVS는 1단계 3.4점, 2단계 5.5점, 3단계 7.1점, 4단계 9.7점으로 이유식 단계가 높을수록 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p < 0.0001). KDDS는 1단계 2.3점, 2단계 2.8점, 3단계 3.0점, 4단계 3.4점으로 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p < 0.0001). 식품군 패턴 분석결과, 이유식 단계가 높을수록 각 이유식 단계 내에서 곡류군, 곡류군/채소류군, 곡류군/육류군을 재료로 사용한 패턴의 비율이 감소하였고, 곡류군/육류군/채소류군을 사용한 패턴의 비율이 증가하였다. 시판 이유식의 이유식 단계에 따른 KDDS에 따른 영양평가에서 1단계와 2단계 이유식의 단백질 충분섭취량 또는 권장섭취량에 대한 충족률은 2점 이하 제품과 3점 이상 제품에서 유의적인 차이를 보였고 (각각 p < 0.0001), 2점 이하 제품에 비해 3점 이상 제품의 충족률이 높았다. 3단계와 완료기 이유식의 단백질 권장섭취량에 대한 충족률은 KDDS가 증가할수록 충족률이 증가하였다 (각각 p < 0.0001). 시판 이유식의 이유식 단계별 CMV 패턴에 따른 영양평가에서 모든 이유식 단계의 단백질 함량과 단백질 충분섭취량 또는 권장섭취량에 대한 충족률은 육류군 (두류, 견과류, 육류, 난류, 어패류) 포함 여부에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 (각각 p < 0.0001), 육류군 제외 패턴에 비해 육류군이 포함된 식품군 패턴이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같이 본 연구는 시판 이유식의 영양표시 및 식품표시를 기반으로 영양적 질 평가를 실시하여 영·유아의 단계별 시판 이유식의 식품구성에 따른 영양적 가치에 대한 과학적이고 객관적인 평가 결과를 제시하였다. 이는 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 기준 설정의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 기초로 하여 보다 다양한 형태의 이유식을 대상으로 한 다양한 각도의 영양평가를 통해 모유 섭취량을 고려한 영·유아 식사의 영양평가 기준과 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 기준 설정을 위한 지속적인 연구 수행이 필요하다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2016

최근들어 스마트 단말의 급속한 보급과 업무 방식의 변화에 따른 재택근무 등 근무형태의 유연화로 인하여 다양한 정보를 제공받고 있다. 아기를 둔 엄마들은 유아가 먹는 음식, 건강, 성장 등에 관심을 갖게 되었고, 육아라는 새로운 환경은 가족을 위해 완벽히 잘 해야 한다는 부담감과 동시에 훌륭한 엄마가 되어야 한다는 강박장애로 이어져 많은 엄마들이 육아 스트레스로 고통을 호소하고 있다. 또한, 모바일 환경에서의 일과 삶의 조화가 중요하게 대두됨에 따라 초보엄마들을 위한 육아관리에 도움을 줄 수 있는 통합적 육아정보 관리 애플리케이션의 필요성이 증대되었다. 본 연구에서는 육아정보 관련 앱의 선호도를 분석하여 실질적으로 필요한 맞춤형 통합 육아정보를 제공할 수 있는 육아정보관리 프로토타입 앱을 개발하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.765-771
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• 2015

The development of a sample preparation method and optimization of the analytical instrumentation conditions were performed for the determination of the vitamin B₁₂ content in emulsified baby foods sold on the Korea market. After removal of the milk protein and fats by chloroform extraction and centrifugation, the vitamin B₁₂ was water extracted from the sample. Following filtration of the solution through a nylon filter, the water-soluble extract was purified by solid-phase extraction using a Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The solution eluted from the cartridge was dried under a stream of nitrogen gas and reconstituted with 1 mL of water. The sample solution was injected into an LC-MS/MS system after optimizing the mobile phase for vitamin B₁₂ detection. The calibration curve showed good linearity with the coefficient of correlation (r²) value of 0.9999. The limit of detection was 0.03 µg/L and the limit of quantitation was 0.1 µg/L. The method of detection limit was 0.02 µg/kg. The vitamin B₁₂ recovery from a spiking test was 99.62% for infant formula and 99.46% for cereal-based baby food. The sample preparation method developed in this study would be appropriate for the rapid determination of the vitamin B₁₂ content in infant formula and baby foods with emulsified milk characteristics. The ability to obtain stable results more quickly and efficiently would also allow governments to exercise a more extensive quality control inspection and monitoring of products expected to contain vitamin B₁₂. This method could be implemented in laboratories that require time and labor saving.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 1977

Nutrition counselors in Korea often encounter difficulty in their attempt to change village women's attitudes regarding food taboos which are counter to good eating habits. There are a great many food superstitions which are not due to religious influence, but seem to be related to shape and composition of food. Many expectant mothers superstitiously avoid eating certain foods for fear that they may cause mental or physical abnormality in their babies. As was shown in a previous survey (Mo, 1966)of villages in all provinces except Jeju Island, such superstitions were common among pregnant and lactating mothers. Many food taboos and superstitions based on non-scientific and irrational ideas do exist even in modern society, and are a major obstacle to nutritionally adequate food consumption. A study of food taboos among women of Jeju Island was undertaken from November to December of 1976, these results to be compared as well with those of the previous study. There were 73 items found to be prohibited during pregnancy. Of these, 48.7% were of the deaf group, 17.4% fish, 5.5% eggs, 4.7% cereal, and only 2.2% fruit. Of 252% women respondents, 111 (45% ) abstained from eating chicken, duck, and shark because of the belief that they would cause their babies to be born with gooseflesh or shark skin. Many of them avoided rabbit meat for fear that their babies might be born with harelip. It was also feared that a baby would become disfigured if his mother ate duck, goat, dog meat, chicken or duck eggs, or soup made of bones. A common superstition was that highly spiced or salty foods would cause the fetus to be hairless. Squid and octopus were believed to cause babies to have weak bones, or none at all. Most of these food taboos were associated with fears concerning Physical structure and appearance of unborn babies. Other taboos were associated with fear of undesirable behavioral characteristics. For example, some mothers thought that a baby would pinch or bite the mother's breast during the weaning period, if crab meat were eaten during pregnancy. Unevenly sliced rice cake, loach, snake meat and eel were also believed to cause a baby to be ill-tempered. The findings of this study are remarkably similar to those of the previous study conducted by the authour in 1966. Most of the same food taboos, based on non-scientific and irrational reasons, were found on Jeju Island as on the peninsula, and thor were similarly wide-spread. The results of correlational analysis show that the most significant factors related to prevalence of food taboos, are level of education and religious background. Number of food taboos is correlated with level of education. Also, food taboos are least freqent among the Christian woman. Proper nutrition education should he undertaken in order to encourage intake of protein-rich food, particularly during pregnancy when nutritional needs of mother and fetus are great.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.895-908
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine female baby boomers' dietary habits and their attitudes together with their needs for future perspectives of dietary life. Our aim is to use these findings as a basic data when forecasting for food-related industries or policy making. A survey is being carried out for a total of 358 female baby boomers and analyzed by SPSS 12.0. The following is a summary of this study. The average age is 52.6 years old, most of them graduated from highschool (63.1%) and had a nuclear type of family (76.1%). Only 39.0% is composed of housewives, others had either full-time or part-time jobs. Self-assessment of stress is not so high and only 8.1% are dissatisfied with their lives. 38.2% are either overweight or obese in terms of BMI, and most of them are non-smokers (97.2%) or non-drinkers (63.0%). Their mean dietary habit scores are $70.6{\pm}11.8$, and the scores show significant relations with their education levels (p<0.01), monthly income (p<0.01), life satisfaction rates (p<0.001), stress levels (p<0.001), smoking habits (p<0.05), drinking habits (p<0.05), regular exercises (p<0.001) and regular health check-ups (p<0.05). The rate of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner are 18.2%, 1.1%, 5.2% respectively. The main reason for skipping breakfast is the 'lack of time'. With regards to the frequency of grocery shopping, almost half of the subjects (55.7%) said '1~2 times per week' and bought mainly raw food sources such as vegetables, fruits, and meats. The majority of the subjects (91.3%) report that they cooked meals at homes, and took about 1 hour of time. The subjects also point out that cooking was a bothering task, and only 46.4% would prepare meals at home, while others would rather eat out or eat convenience foods. The main reasons for not wanting meal services in the elderly welfare facility are because they didn't want to live such places (48.4%) and the meals are tasteless (31.3%). As for delivery meal services, 60.1% are aware of it, and 39.9% would consider using it in the future. Factors to be considered when using the delivery meal service are sanitation (43.7%), nutrition (28.7%), taste (18.4%), price (6.3%), and brand name (2.9%). This study is expected to be used as useful information when developing food-related strategies for baby boomers in the future.