• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.340-348
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• 1993

Cross-synergistic interactions were evaluated with purified enzymes from Trichoderma viride and Penicillium funiculosum cellulase. Different synergistic patterns between enzyme components were observed. Exo-exo type synergism was found to be the most effective for degrading Avicel in all cases. Exo-endo type synergism was found to be slightly less effective. Extended hydrolysis of Avicel was carried out using mixtures of purified enzyme components with the crude cellulase from a different source. Addition of $\beta$-glucosidase from P. funiculosum cellulase to T. viride cellulase provided the great enhancement of Avicel hydrolysis. In addition, exoglucanase from T. viride cellulase was found to enhance P. funiculosum cellulase in degradation of Avicel. In conclusion, it was possible to enhance the hydrolysis of Avicel by altering the proportions of enzyme components by supplementing enzyme components from a different source. Different types of synergisms acted together to achieve maximum conversion.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 1990

During the cultivation of Penkillium uerrmulosum in the media containing cellobiose octaacetate (COA), avicel, or KC-flock as an inducer and as a sole carbon source for 21 days, cellulolytic activity and SDS-PAGE pattern of proteins in the culture broth were investigated. Protein concentration and cellulolytic activity were highest in the COA medium. As cultivation period was increased, protein content and avicel hydrolytic activity of culture broth were increased as similar extent but neither $\beta$-glucosidase nor CMC hydrolytic activity was correlated to protein content. When crude proteins from the culture broth were separated on DEAE column by HPLC, distribution of avicel-hydrolytic activities were well correlated with that of major proteins. From those results it was suggested that three major proteins having 60 K, 68 K, and 76 K of Mr. were avicel-hydrolytic enzymes.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.124-129
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• 1985

A dissolution characteristics of phenylbutazone deposited on Avicel and dibasic calcium phosphate by solvent deposition method were studied. The solvent deposition was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Avicel was superior to dibasic calcium phosphate as excipient in dissolution rate. Total amount of phenylbutazone dissolved from Avicel deposition system at 30minutes were enhanced 1.2-1.6 times compared with physical mixtures of them. The dissolution rate of 10% solvent deposition system was highest and that of 75% solvent deposition system was lowest in Avicel system and dibasic calcium phosphate system. Dissolution profile of commercial products was dependent on manufacturing conditions and dissolution rate of 10% Avicel system was greater than that of commercial products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 1993

In order to obtain a good microorganism capable of degrading microcrystaline cellulose (avicel), the screening test was carried out from soil and brown-rot wood. 8 strains which had good avicel-hydrolyzing activity were isolated. Among them, HK 47 which exhibited the highest avicel hydrolyzing activity was identified as Trichoderma sp. HK 47. Maximum avicel-hydrolyzing enzyme production from Trichoderma sp. HK 47 was obtained with the optimum medium contained carboxymethylcellulose 1.5% as carbon source, NaN030.75% as nitrogen source, KH2P040.5%, MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%, Tween 800.005% (V/V) during stationary cultivation at pH 6.0, 3$0^{\circ}C$ In this case, the production of avicel-hydrolyzing enzyme was 0.028 U/ml.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1971

1. Formation of cellulase in Myriococcum albomyces was investigated using shaking culture with addition of CMC or Avicel as an inducer to 5% wheat bran medium. 2. Three different types of cellulase fraction I, fraction II and fraction III in the culture filtrate were purified by elution column chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25. 3. By the addition of CMC as an inducer, CMCase activity was stronger than that of Avicelase. On the other hand, the addition of Avicel increased Avicelase activity.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.487-492
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• 2005

This study demonstrated that the brown rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris was able to degrade crystalline cellulose (Avicel). This fungus could also produce the three major cellulases (exoglucanases, endoglucanases, and $\beta-glucosidase$) when the cells were grown on $2.0\%$ Avicel. Avicel degraded by F. palustris showed a decrease in relative crystallinity from $83\%\;to\;78.5\%$ after 14 days of incubation. The characterization study indicated that optimum pH was 4.5 and optimum temperature was $70^{\circ}C$ for exoglucanase (cellobiohydrolase) activity. Hydrolysis of Avicel by the crude enzyme from F. palustris yielded 1.6 mg/ml of glucose after 43 h, which corresponded to a cellulose conversion degree of $3.2\%$. Therefore, this study revealed for the first time that the brown rot basidiomycete F. palustris produces cellulases capable of yielding soluble sugars from crystalline cellulose.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.105-121
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• 1984

The bioavailability of rifampicin (brand A, B and C) was studied and the dissolution by foamed plastic rotating method and basket rotating method was also investigated. The results were as follows; 1. In the case of foamed plastic rotating method, it was revealed that dissolution rate of brand C was most rapid, but in the case of basket rotating method the results revealed that brand B was most rapid. Also it was observed that the dissolution rate in artificial gastric juice was more rapid than one in artificial intestinal juice, and that Avicel added in capsule increased additively the dissolution rate, particulary brand B. 2. Relative systemic availability by urine data showed that the results from all capsules filled with brand A, B and C were identical but in the case of the ripamficin capsules filled with Avicel, the results showed that Avicel increased the availability of brand A and B. 3. Area under serum concentration curve $(0{\sim}8hrs)$ was in order of $brand\;A{\fallingdotseq}brand\;C$ > brand B, but Avicel increased significantly the AUC of brand B and showed no effect in others. 4. Relative systemic availability calculated with excreted amount of rifampicin in urine was similar in each rifampicin capsules. In rifampicin (A) and rifampicin (B), Avicel which added in capsules appeared increasing tendency in urine excretion of rifampicin, but in rifampicin (C) it did not appeared. 5. Area under serum concentration curve $(0{\sim}8hrs)$ in rifampicin capsules was in order of $rifampicin(A){\fallingdotseq}rifampicin(C)$>rifampicin(B). In rifampicin (B) with Avicel capsules, area under serum concentration curve (0-8hrs.) increased significantly and in others insignificantly.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.800-805
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• 2007

Two endoglucanases with processive cellulase activities, produced from Fomitopsis palustris grown on 2% microcrystalline cellulose(Avicel), were purified to homogeneity by anion-exchange and gel filtration column chromatography systems. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the molecular masses of the purified enzymes were 47 kDa and 35 kDa, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis of the 47-kDa protein(EG47) showed a sequence similarity with fungal glycoside hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences of the 35-kDa protein(EG35), however, had no homology with any other glycosylhydrolases, although the enzyme had high specific activity against carboxymethyl cellulose, which is a typical substrate for endoglucanases. The initial rate of Avicel hydrolysis by EG35 was relatively fast for 48 h, and the amount of soluble reducing sugar released after 96 h was $100{\mu}g/ml$. Although EG47 also hydrolyzed Avicel, the hydrolysis rate was lower than that of EG35. Thin layer chromatography analysis of the hydrolysis products released from Avicel indicated that the main product was cellobiose, suggesting that the brown-rot fungus possesses processive EGs capable of degrading crystalline cellulose.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.905-912
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• 2019

Bioethanol has attracted much attention in recent decades as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative energy source. In this study, we compared the production of bioethanol by Candida molischiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at different initial concentrations of cellobiose and glucose. The results showed that C. molischiana can utilize both glucose and cellobiose, whereas S. cerevisiae can only utilize glucose. The ethanol yields were 43-51% from different initial concentrations of carbon source. In addition, different concentrations of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) were directly converted to ethanol by a combination of Trichoderma reesei and two yeasts. Cellulose was first hydrolyzed by a fully enzymatic saccharification process using T. reesei cellulases, and the reducing sugars and glucose produced during the process were further used as carbon source for bioethanol production by C. molischiana or S. cerevisiae. Sequential culture of T. reesei and two yeasts revealed that C. molischiana was more efficient for bioconversion of sugars to ethanol than S. cerevisiae. When 20 g/l Avicel was used as a carbon source, the maximum reducing sugar, glucose, and ethanol yields were 42%, 26%, and 20%, respectively. The maximum concentrations of reducing sugar, glucose, and ethanol were 10.9, 8.57, and 5.95 g/l, respectively, at 120 h by the combination of T. reesei and C. molischiana from 50 g/l Avicel.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 1996

A microorganism producing carboxymethyl-cellulase (CMCase) was isolated from 300 soil and compost samples. The isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. by $Biolog^{TM}$ test and fatty acid analysis, and named as Bacillus sp. KD1014. The isolate could degrade, in addition to CMC, various kinds of polysaccharides such as levan, xylan, starch, and filter paper but hardly degrade microcrystalline Avicel. The optimum growth and CMCase production of the isolate was observed between 16-and 25 hr-culture at 45$^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0. The maximum CMCase activity was observed at pH 4.5 and 6$0^{\circ}C$. The CMCase was found to bind to Avicel. The CMCase was internally cleaved as growth continued. When crude supernatant was used for activity staining, three major bands were detected on a native gel, however, only one major band was detected on a denaturating gel after removal of the detergent.