• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1164-1172
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma reesei derived phytase for pigs fed diets with fixed calcium to total phosphorus ratios (1.5:1). In Exp. 1, 280 weaned pigs (initial BW of $10.32{\pm}1.94$ kg) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments on the basis of weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were the low phosphorus (0.6% Ca, 0.4% total P and 0.23% available P) diets supplemented with 0, 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU phytase/kg of diet and a positive control diet (PC; 0.85% Ca, 0.58% total P and 0.37% available P). The treatments were applied to seven pens with eight pigs per pen, half male and half female. In Exp. 2, six barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula (initial BW = $35.1{\pm}1.6$ kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments with a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were the low-phosphorus diet (0.53% Ca, 0.34% total P and 0.14% available P), the low phosphorus diet plus 1,000 FTU phytase/kg and a positive control diet (0.77% Ca, 0.50% total P and 0.30% available P). In Exp. 1, there were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, phosphorus absorption, bone strength, calcium and phosphorus content of fat-free dried bone and plasma phosphorus concentrations with increasing dose rate of phytase. The performance of pigs fed the diets with 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet. Pigs fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in bone characteristics. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and energy was not affected by dietary treatment. However, pigs fed the PC diet excreted more fecal phosphorus (g/d, p<0.01) and fecal phosphorus per BW gain (g/kg) than pigs fed the diets with phytase. Phytase linearly decreased (p<0.01) fecal phosphorus excreted per BW gain (g/kg), plasma calcium concentration as well as plasma and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. In Exp. 2, phytase supplementation in the low-P diet increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and cysteine, tended to AID of crude protein, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine. In conclusion, the novel phytase originated from Trichoderma reesei is effective in releasing Ca, P, and amino acids from corn soy based diet for pigs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

In this paper an effort is made to develop an innovative spatial arrangement concept pertaining to ship building industry. The spatial scheduling is the problem that concentrates on effective planning of available space and arrangements of blocks and in a priority manner. In order to create an effective spatial scheduling. a database providing the priority has to be available to make the erection sequence. Such a system works hand in hand with erection sequence generator program The erection sequence program works on the conventional network analysis method which uses a typical parent-children idea for the calculation of the ENT(possible earliest network start time) and LNT(possible latest network start time). This program works in a cyclic manner taking turns by calculating the ENT in upward trace and LNT on the return trace thereby generating the entire erection sequence diagram for the requisite problem The generated database serves as an input data for spatial scheduling problem. When the system works it takes into consideration the entire system based on heuristic concepts as mentioned. There system uses the spatial aspects such as the available area of the P. E area and plan area of the corresponding blocks and its priority of erection from the erection sequence generator program develops the spatial scheduling arrangement. In this paper using all these concepts an innovative spatial schedule development system developed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1087-1095
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• 2020

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing bacteria (GPB) on in vitro rumen fermentation and on the growth performance and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Methods: The effects of GPB (Lactobacillus brevis YM 3-30)-produced and commercially available GABA were investigated using in vitro rumen fermentation. Using soybean meal as a substrate, either GPB-produced or commercially available GABA were added to the in vitro rumen fermentation bottles, as follows: control, no additive; T1, 2 g/L GPB; T2, 5 g/L GPB; T3, 2 g/L autoclaved GPB; T4, 5 g/L autoclaved GPB; T5, 2 g/L GABA; and T6, 5 g/L GABA. In addition, 27 Hanwoo steers (602.06±10.13 kg) were subjected to a 129-day feeding trial, during which they were fed daily with a commercially available total mixed ration that was supplemented with different amounts of GPB-produced GABA (control, no additive; T1, 2 g/L GPB; T2, 5 g/L GPB). The degree of marbling was assessed using the nine-point beef marbling standard while endotoxin was analyzed using a Chromo-Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Results: In regard to in vitro rumen fermentation, the addition of GPB-produced GABA failed to significantly affect pH or total gas production but did increase the ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration (p<0.05) and reduce total biogenic amines (p<0.05). Animals fed the GPB-produced GABA diet exhibited significantly lower levels of blood endotoxins than control animals and yielded comparable average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and beef marbling scores. Conclusion: The addition of GPB improved in vitro fermentation by reducing biogenic amine production and by increasing both antioxidant activity and NH₃-N production. Moreover, it also reduced the blood endotoxin levels of Hanwoo steers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.385-388
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• 1996

Accumulation of soil chemical components in plastic-house is serious problem in Korea. This study was carried out to solve the problem by comparing the contents of soil chemical properties in plastic-house with that of upland field. The content of organic matter and available $P_2O_5($ in plastic-house soil were higher than that of upland field. Particularly, organic matter content in plastic-house soil (43g/kg) was 1.7times higher than that of upland soil (26g/kg), and content of available $P_2O_5($ (893mg/kg) in plastic-house: soil was 4.9 times higher than that of upland soil(183mg/kg). The content of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg in plastic-house soil were 0.5, 6.8 and 1.6cmol/kg and that of upland field soil were 0.5, 2.3 and 2.5cmol/kg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.326-332
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• 2001

To investigate a fertility status of upland soil, the soil were sampled at 854 sites chosen in consideration of areal distribution percent on the basis of topography and were analyzed on pH, organic mater, available phosphorus ($P_2O_5$), exchangeable potassium and calcium and magnesium. The content of soil chemical properties showed pH 5.6, organic mater $24g\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $577mg\;kg^{-1}$, exchangeable potassium and calcium and magnesium were 0.85, 4.5, $1.4cmol^+kg^{-1}$, respectively. The distribution percent of soil samples within the optimum range for cropping were 13.4% for pH, 46.7% for organic matter. 27.4% for available $P_2O_5$, 10.7, 15.8, 18.3% for exchangeable potassium and calcium and magnesium, respectively. In chronological changes of soil properties, exchangeable calcium and magnesium were ignorable ; pH was slightly decreased ; organic matter was slightly increased ; available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable potassium were greatly increased.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 1980

Root system and distribution of soil components (pH, available P, K, Ca and Mg) were studied in a 20-year old, low-cutting mulberry field. The variety, kairyonezumigaeshi (Morus alba L.), was planted in a spacing of 1.8m${\times}$0.6m(740 tiess/10a). Roots and soil samples were taken from each of 196 blocks in a demension of 26${\times}$17${\times}$10cm(as shown in Fig. 1) from the soil between rows. 1. Whereas root system concentrated towards the stock, chemical components, pH, available P, Ca and Mg, were increasing toward the center of the row spacing. 2. Root system and distribution of chemical components between trees were not significantly different among blocks. 3. Roots were distributed most densely in a depth of 10∼20, intermediate 20∼30 and 30∼40, and least 0∼10cm. However, the concentrbtion of chemical components was the highest in a depth of 0∼10cm and decreased with soil depth. The soil. a depth of 0∼10cm on the center of row spacing, was the lowest in the root system and the richest in a chemical components. The results indicate that special fertilizinng management is required for the efficient absorption of nutrients.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2018

Quantitative information on biomass and available nutrients are essential for developing sustainable forest management strategies to regulate atmospheric carbon. An attempt was made at Chilapatta Reserve Forest in Duars region of West Bengal to quantify its above and below ground carbon along with available "N", "P" and "K" in the soil. Stratified random nested quadrats were marked for soil, biomass and litter sampling. Indirect or non-destructive procedures were employed for biomass estimation. The amount of these available nutrients and organic carbon quantified in soil indicates that the forest soil is high in organic carbon and available "K" and medium in phosphorus and nitrogen. The biomass, soil carbon and total carbon (soil C＋C in plant biomass) in the forest was 1,995.98, 75.83 and $973.65Mg\;ha^{-1}$. More than 90% of the carbon accumulated in the forest was contributed by the trees. The annual litter production of the forest was $5.37Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Carbon accumulation is intricately linked with site quality factors. The estimated biomass of $1,995.98Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ clearly indicates this. The site quality factor i.e. tropical moist deciduous with optimum availability of soil nutrients, heavy precipitation, high mean monthly relative humidity and optimum temperature range supported luxuriant growth which was realized as higher biomass accumulation and hence higher carbon accumulated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2008

Soil nutrient status in an organic apple farm was evaluated in relation to a conventional farm to better understand the effects of organic farming system on soil fertility. Soil organic matter, total and mineral N, available P, exchangeable cations, and available micronutrients were monitored at depth of 5-20 cm from May to October in 2006. Average soil organic matter content was 63.3 and $31.0g\;kg^{-1}$ in organic and conventional farm, respectively. Total N content was 3.3 and $1.7g\;kg^{-1}$ in average for organic and conventional farm, respectively. Ammonium and nitrate N in organic farming were maintained at relatively stable levels, but in the conventional farm the levels were very high in early season due to the chemical fertilizer application. In the organic apple farm, available P content in May was lower than that found in the conventional farm, but during the growing season available P content was continuously increased and in August the content was more than $1000mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$. The organic farm maintained relatively greater exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg levels than the conventional farm. Available Cu, Fe, and Mn contents in the conventional farm were relatively greater than those found in the organic farm. However, available Zn extracted in 0.1 M HCl was much greater in the organic farm. Nutrient levels above crop needs were observed in both conventional and organic apple farm suggesting a more appropriate management of soil nutrients in organic farming to secure its fundamental functions for the sustainable agriculture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1978

To examine the effects of P.E. film and rice straw mulching on fall grown potato(Shimabara cultivar) in the middle region of Korea, sprouted seed tuber pieces were transplanted with six kinds of mulching treatments on 24th July and harvested on 25th October. P.E. film mulching from transplanting resulted the perfect rot of transplanted seed pieces due to the excessive high soil temperature (noon soil temperature of about 4$0^{\circ}C$ continued until the middle of August). P.E. film mulching from 15th September to harvest increased the marketable tuber yields by 35% due to the raising of soil temperature by 1-3$^{\circ}C$ and maintaining of available soil moisture in dry season. Rice straw (whole or cut in 10cm length) mulching lowered the soil temperature in hot season and raised it in cool season and maintained available soil moisture in dry season. Therefore better emergence, growth and yields were induced. Effects of whole straw, whole growing season and thicker mulching were greater than cut straw, half growing season and thinner mulching. 6cm mulching of whole or cut straw during whole growing season resulted the increasing of marketable tuber yields by 56 or 48%.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the possible use of volcano eruption sand at Merapi mountain area compared with clayey soil, alfisol as turfgrass growing media. Indonesia has abundant source of eruption sand and clayey soil. Native zoysiagrass (Z. matrella) was collected from Sleman district and seashore paspalum (P. vaginatum) from Solo region. The experimental plots were treated with both organic and inorganic fertilizers. Zoysiagrass and seashore paspalum can grow on the mixture of eruption volcano sand and alfisol soil. Fertilizers application increased turf color, surface coverage rate and recovery rate of turfgrass. While fertilizer treated alfisol have no effect on the length and dry weight of zoysiagrass root. Mixing of volcano eruption sand on growing media resulted in longer root length, higher shoot dry weight of zoysiagrass than in alfisol soil. Type of fertilizer affected the pH, soil organic matter, total N, available P, available K and electrical conductivity of sand and alfisol after cultivation. Similarly to zoysiagrass, the recovery of seashore paspalum was increased by application of fertilizer, even the inorganic fertilizer showed faster recovery than organic fertilizer. Surface coverage of seashore paspalum was faster than that of zoysiagrass with or without fertilizer.