• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.233-247
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data for management of National Park by surveying and analysing the change of flora of damaged lands in Juwangsan National Park, Korea. In cause of occurring the damaged lands, site-1 was the vegetation damage by stamping, the removing Gwangamsa of site-2, 3, 4 and the removing Naewon village of site-5, 6, 7. Whole sites are caused by the artificial disturbance and interference. The numbers of flora were summarized as 135 taxa including 52 families, 109 genera, 116 species, 2 subspecies and 17 varieties in whole sites. The status of flora by sites, site-6 is the largest number of 52 taxa, site-1 is the lowest of 23 taxa. The rare plant is 1 taxa, 4 taxa of endemic plants, 10 taxa of specific plants by floristic region, 9 taxa of naturalized plants and 1 taxa of invasive alien plant. In the results of analysis about the change of coverage ratio, for this shrub layer, site-7 was changed to the most $0%{\rightarrow}50%$, and the herb layer, site-5 was changed to the most $75%{\rightarrow}95%$. In case of the change of species numbers, most sites tended to increase in the sites introduced different species or generated by the growth. It is contemplated that is similar to the restoration with the surrounding natural vegetation that is in progress is a transition occurs with the passage of time. In the dominant species, the shrub layer is Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza bicolor, Rhus javanica, Lespedezamaximowiczii, Salix koreensis and Zelkova serrata, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Artemisia princeps, Bothriochloa ischaemum and Erigeron annuus of herb layer. In the results of analysing Naturalized Index(NI) and Urbanized Index(UI), NI was increased or decreased this phenomenon with the lapse of time, UI was the most increase. In particular, the increase in UI is due to the transition process, the pioneering plant, naturalized plant was imported to continue.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 1989

About 233 weed species belonging to 54 families mainly occurring in summer were observed in cultivated land and its surrounding area in Cheju Island. The compositae was the most widely occurring family covering 41 weed species, followed by 28 species in gramineae, 14 in labiatae, 13 in leguminasae and 12 in polygonaceae etc.. In terms of the lands classified about 126 species in 39 families were observed in upland ared and 38 species in 20 families occurred in lowland area, 108 species in 36 families in orchard and 214 species in 50 families observed in non-cultivated area. The most dominant weed species in Cheju Island were Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis in both the upland and orchard, Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus amuricus in lowland, and Digitaria sanguinalis, Artemisia princeps, Partulaca oleracea in non-cultivated land area. There were two communities in upland area, such as Phyllanthus urinaria, Siegesbeckia orinexitalis etc., and Cephalonaplos segetum, Mosla dianthera etc.. The lowland area composed of one major community like Onenanthe javanica, and Eleocharis acicularis. The orchard consisted of the communities of Stellaria aquatics, Viola mandshurica etc., and Justicia procumbens, Varedellia crustacea etc.. The non-cultivated land composed of two major communities like Amplicarpaed edgeworthii, Lactuca indica etc., and Clematis appiiforia, Aster hispidus etc..

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.190-198
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• 1983

To examine the possibility of enhancing activity of foliar applied herbicides by spray methods and additives, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of surfactant, spray volume, and additions of ammonium sulfate or potassium chloride to glyphosate on toxicity to Digitaria sanguinalis or Artemisia princeps. Glyphosate toxicity increased as spray volume was decreased from 120 1/10a to 40 and 80 1/10a. Additions of surfactant in the spray solution increased toxicity of glyphosate to D. sanguinalis and usually more pronounced effect was obtained at glyphosate 30.5g a.i./10a. Additions of 1 and 5% (w/v) ammonium sulfate to glyphosate increased toxicity to A. princeps at glyphosate 30.5 and 61.5g a.i./10a. 10% ammonium slufate, however, had no effect or were antagonistic. Additions of potassium chloride at 1,2 and 3% (w/v) were also very effective to increase herbicidal activity to A. princeps at glyphosate at 30.5 and 61.0g a.i/10a. These results suggest that the practices for enhancement of herbicidal activity by improvement of spray method and additions of ammonium sulfate or potassium chloride to glyphosate can be employed to use lower herbicide levels while giving the same degree of weed control in orchards and non-crop lands.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

Most of investigations about the effects of dam construction on the surrounding environments have focused mainly on the change of climate conditions and crop production. In order to research the effect of dam construction on the surrounding vegetation, we chose the Soyanggang dam whose storage capacity is the largest in Korea, and was built 33 years ago. We surveyed and analyzed the surrounding vegetation by using quadrat method and measured the soil moisture content among floodplain (FP), 5m above the flood plain (AFP) and control group (CG) which is 3km far from the lake through ridge. The largest value of mean importance percentage of the canopy~understory layer at FP was Salix koreensis (87.9%) and those of AFP and CG was Quercus mongolica (38.9% and 40.4% respectively) and the largest important percentage of the herb layer at FP was Artemisia capillaris (34.2%) and those of AFP and CG was Oplismenus undulatifolius var. undulatifolius (9.4% and 24.6% respectively). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of shrub~canopy layer at FP (0.26) was lower than AFP (2.34) and CG (2.23) and there was not any significant difference in the herb layer among three groups. The S${\o}$rensen similarity index between FP and AFP, FP and CG was 0, and that of AFP and CG was relatively high. The highest density of tree and subtree with the DBH level of FP was S. koreensis of 5~10cm (240/ha), and that of AFP and CG was Quercus spp. of 15~20cm (400/ha and 466/ha respectively). And the highest density of seedlings of FP was Pinus densiflora (7,040/ha), and that of AFP and CG was Quercus spp. (720/ha and 400/ha respectively). The soil water content of FP (6.28%) was relatively lower than AFP and CG (11.13% and 10.14% respectively; p<.01). These results indicated that construction of Soyanggang dam changed the vegetation of the floodplain, without showing a change in its upland areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.29-41
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• 2015

Abandoned paddy field provides an excellent opportunity to improve the species diversity and habitat quality. Ecological characteristic on the changing of plant communities at different seral stages is a major basis data for ecological restoration. In this study, we investigated changes of the species composition and community indices on the plant community associated with abandonment of cultivated rice paddies. The ecological stability of the habitat was evaluated by using eco-floristic characters(Di; Disturbance index, AUI; Actual urbanization index). Survey sites were grouped into six stages(stageI (${\leq}3years$), stageII(3-5years), stageIII(5-7years), stageIV(7-10years), stageV(10-15years), stageVI(${\geq}20years$). Vegetation investigation was done from May 2009 to October 2012 and carried out phytosociological approach. The total flora were summarized as 176 taxa including 58 families, 127 genera, 157 species, 3 subspecies, 15 varieties and 1 forms. At each of successional stages, 64 taxa in stage I, 34 taxa in stage II, 84 taxa in stage III, 83 taxa in stage IV, 92 taxa in stage V, 23 taxa in stage VI were identified. Of the occurrence plants, the species with the highest r-NCD value were Alopecurus aequalis, Juncus effuusus var. decipiens, Persicaria thunbergii, Artemisia princeps, Salix koreensis and Alnus japonica at each stages. Herbaceous annual plants were dominated in the early stage, but its r-NCD value declined in the middle stage and the late stage. On the other hand, herbaceous perennial plants and Persicaria thunbergii, annual hydrophytes, increases in the middle stage. Woody plant and herbaceous plant which appeared in the forest edge increases in the late stage. Community indices correlate with successional stages. Richness and diversity index increase along the successional gradient. But dominance index decrease along the successional gradient. Evenness index was correlated with lower. In the ecological stability analysis of the habitat that evaluated by eco-floristic characters, stage I was the most unstable habitat. And the stability of the habitat has improved according to the successional stage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.62-89
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• 2016

The great part of the traditional knowledge on ethnobotanical plants and their uses is gradually vanishing due to industrialization, therefore ethnobotanical studies that explore and preserve the knowledge are in urgent needed before the knowledge are lost ever. This study was conducted to record and conserve the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Korea from 2006 to 2014. According to the survey results, derived from 17,328 sheets of 1,771 residents at 868 places, the ethnobotanical plants in Korea consisted of a total 924 taxa; 130 families, 493 genera, 813 species, 7 subspecies, 92 varieties and 12 form. Of them, herbs were 619 taxa (67.0%) and woody plants were 305 taxa (33.0%). 707 taxa (76.5%) out of 924 taxa grow wild, 44 taxa (4.8%) were cultivated wild species, 145 taxa (15.7%) were introduced for cultivation, and 28 taxa (3.0%) were naturalized plants. The analysis of usage for 924 taxa showed that the edible use was the highest with 58.9%, followed by medicinal with 26.9%, material with 3.7% and ornamental with 2.3%, respectively. The leaf of plant was the most useful part, followed by stem and root. Quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical plants in Korea was performed by the basic values of FC, NU and UR, and indices of CI, RFC, RI and CV. As a result, The CI place Artemisia princeps in first position, followed by Aster scaber, Kalopanax septemlobus. The RFC place A. scaber in first position, followed by A. princeps, Aralia elata. The RI place A. princeps in first position, followed by Pinus densiflora, Morus alba. The CV place A. princeps in first position, followed by P. densiflora, K. septemlobus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.271-279
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• 1996

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate rates of mixed-seeding of native woody and herb species. It was carried out in greenhouse from 1994 to 1995. The early days germination individuals were $60no./m^2$ in case of woody species for mixed seeding treatment and the treatments were fertilization, soil surface treatment, seeding amount. The investigation factors are the number of individuals of woody and herb species, biomass, height, number of tillers, etc. The mean individuals of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha frutzcosa were investigated $1.14no./m^2$, $0.496no./m^2$ in 1995, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora and Alnus hirsuta were withering to death. In 1995, the Individuals of Oenothera odorata, Themeda triandra var. japonica, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Lespedeza cuneata, and Arundinella hirta were investigated $5.06no./m^2$, $1,072no./m^2$, $0no./m^2$, $412.53no./m^2$, $88.6no./m^2$, $8.9no./m^2$, $57.46no./m^2$, respectively, in case of herb species. The height and biomass of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa showed very fast growth, and those of Themeda triandra var. japonica, Miscanthus sinensis had a similar tendency. For the changes in woody species, according to the seeding amount, there was no significant relationship between species, but It was highly significant in 1995. In case of the herb species, the relationship between the number of individuals and seeding amount was significant for both 1994 and 1995. The most number of tiller was Miscanthus sinensis(21), and showed Themeda triandra var. japonica, Arundinella hirta in descending order. For the mixed seeding of wood and herb species, the number of individuals, height, biomass, tiller of herb species diminished as the seeding amount of herb species increased. It can be concluded that using Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa for woody species and like Arundinella hirta in herb species will be efficient for revegetation measures. It seems, therefore, that the plants of revegetation methods will be used to Lespedeza bicolor, Amorpha fruticosa and Arundinella hirta, and further study is needed on the seeding amount.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.554-563
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• 2013

The changes in quality properties and nutritional components for two mugworts, namely, Artemisia capillaris Thumberg Artemisiae asiaticae Nakai fermented by Bacillus strains were characterized followed by rapid pattern analysis of volatile flavor compounds through the SAW-based electronic nose sensor in the GC system. After fermentation, the pH has remarkably decreased from 6.0~6.4 to 4.6~5.1 and there has been a slight change in the total soluble solids. The L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values in the Hunter's color system significantly decreased, whilst the a (redness) value increased via fermentation. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that the total amino acids increased in quantity and the essential amino acids were higher in the A. asiaticae Nakai than in the A. capillaris Thumberg, specially with high contents of glutamic and aspartic acid. After fermentation, the monounsaturated fatty acid increased in the A. asiaticae Nakai and the polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in the A. capillaris Thumberg. While the total polyphenol contents have not been affected by fermentation, the total sugar contents have dramatically decreased. Scopoletin, which is one of the most important index components in mugworts, was highly abundant in the A. capillaris Thumberg; however, it was not detected in the A. asiaticae Nakai. Small pieces of plant tissue in the surface microstructure were found in the fermented mugworts through the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Volatile flavor compounds via electronic nose showed that the intensity of several peaks has increased and additional seven flavor peaks have been produced after fermentation. The VaporPrintTM images demonstrated a notable difference in flavors between the A. asiaticae Nakai and A. capillaris Thumberg, and the fermentation enabled the mugworts to produce subtle differences in flavor.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.546-553
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the antioxidant activity of the Sumaeyaksuk (Artemisia argyi) tea extracts from different pre-treatment and extraction methods. Sumaeyaksuk was sun-dried for 3.5 days (control, RC) and aged at a temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ for 3.5 days (HA), 7 days (HB), and 14 days (HC), respectively. Each sample was extracted in $60^{\circ}C$ and $95^{\circ}C$ hot water for 2 minutes. The soluble solids content of HA from the $60^{\circ}C$and $95^{\circ}C$ hot water extraction were $0.52{\pm}0.18%$ and $0.92{\pm}0.18%$, respectively. The soluble solids content was increased by the higher extraction temperature. The reducing sugar content of RC was $9.55{\pm}0.18mg/g$ in the $95^{\circ}C$ extraction, which was significantly higher than in the $60^{\circ}C$ extracted sample. However, the reducing sugar content did not show a remarkable difference based on aging periods. The total phenolic compound content of the $95^{\circ}C$ extracted samples was $3.36{\pm}0.13{\sim}9.88{\pm}0.23mg/g$, which was significantly higher than that of the $60^{\circ}C$ extracted sample. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the $60^{\circ}C$ extracted RA and HA samples were 35.63% and 95.10%, respectively. Moreover, the radical scavenging activity increased to 63.35% and 96.78%, respectively, in the $95^{\circ}C$ extracted samples. As a result of the high temperature, the extracted sample showed an increase in the FRAP. In the RC sample, the FRAP was two times higher in the $95^{\circ}C$ extracted sample ($181.28{\pm}2.90{\mu}M$) than in the $60^{\circ}C$ extracted sample ($83.88{\pm}0.43{\mu}M$).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.723-734
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• 2010

This study aims to analyze the change in vegetation for 10 years after the construction, targeting Suwoncheon, the first domestic ecological stream construction project. As for the section for the study, the section from Gyeonggi bridge to Youngyeon bridge, the first restoration project section, was targeted. The research districts consisted of 3 districts depending on topographical structure. Investigation check cosisted of cross-sectional topographical structure, vegetation status and the structure of herbaceous plant community. As for the cross-sectional topographical structure of the stream, the width of entire stream was 26.5~28.0m and water channel is 10~20m. The area for hydrophilic space was securing spacious riverside. Upper stream of reservoir beam was shallow and slow in reservoir area above weir. Lower stream of reservoir beam, the width of water channel was narrow and ripples were formed. Among species, 9 plants were planted and 6 species plants including Salix gracilistyla, Phragmites communis and Zoysia japonica were planted at the time of construction. In the water side, there were 2 species, such as Zoysia japonica and Trifolium repens, etc, still remained after seeding at the time of constrcution. The planted plants which were observed through this investigation, were 2 species such as Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata. Apart from the planted plants, arid climate herbaceous plant such as Setaria viridis and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis formed power and the naturalized species variously emerged in 15 species. For revetment, natural stone stacking method was condicted and Salix gracilistyla, Aceriphyllum rossii, etc were planted. But all the planted plants disappeared and now it was covered with Equisetum arvense and Humulus japonicus. It was because that the base for growth and development of the plants was not constructed at the time of restoration in a way of attaching natural stones onto the concrete base. In the water channel, various wetland species including Typha orientalis, Acorus calamus var. angustatus and Phragmites communis, etc, were planted but only Salix gracilistyla, Phragmites communis and Zizania latifolia remained. As for species of the autochthons, Persicaria thunbergii was dominant. In the lower stream of reservoir beam, Humulus japonicus formed forces. In the hydrophilic space, it was necessary to direct the landscape of in-stream vegetation in cosideration of users. For this, planting Miscanthus sacchariflorus in a community was proposed. In the upper stream of reservoir beam, suplementary screen seeding was necessary so that Zizania latifolia, Typha orientalis and Phragmites communis can fit the depth of water. In the Lower stream of reservoir beam, it was necessary to constantly manage Humulus japonicus so that the wetland autochthons species, such as Phragmites communis and Persicaria thunbergii can establish power more stably.