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Quality properties of fermented mugworts and the rapid pattern analysis of their volatile flavor components via surface acoustic wave (SAW) based electronic nose sensor in the GC system

발효 인진쑥과 약쑥의 이화학적 품질특성 및 GC와 SAW센서기반 electronic nose에 의한 향기패턴의 신속분석

  • Song, Hyo-Nam (Department of Oriental Medical Food and Nutrition, Semyung University)
  • 송효남 (세명대학교 한방식품영양학부)
  • Received : 2013.05.07
  • Accepted : 2013.08.08
  • Published : 2013.08.30

Abstract

The changes in quality properties and nutritional components for two mugworts, namely, Artemisia capillaris Thumberg Artemisiae asiaticae Nakai fermented by Bacillus strains were characterized followed by rapid pattern analysis of volatile flavor compounds through the SAW-based electronic nose sensor in the GC system. After fermentation, the pH has remarkably decreased from 6.0~6.4 to 4.6~5.1 and there has been a slight change in the total soluble solids. The L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values in the Hunter's color system significantly decreased, whilst the a (redness) value increased via fermentation. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that the total amino acids increased in quantity and the essential amino acids were higher in the A. asiaticae Nakai than in the A. capillaris Thumberg, specially with high contents of glutamic and aspartic acid. After fermentation, the monounsaturated fatty acid increased in the A. asiaticae Nakai and the polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in the A. capillaris Thumberg. While the total polyphenol contents have not been affected by fermentation, the total sugar contents have dramatically decreased. Scopoletin, which is one of the most important index components in mugworts, was highly abundant in the A. capillaris Thumberg; however, it was not detected in the A. asiaticae Nakai. Small pieces of plant tissue in the surface microstructure were found in the fermented mugworts through the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Volatile flavor compounds via electronic nose showed that the intensity of several peaks has increased and additional seven flavor peaks have been produced after fermentation. The VaporPrintTM images demonstrated a notable difference in flavors between the A. asiaticae Nakai and A. capillaris Thumberg, and the fermentation enabled the mugworts to produce subtle differences in flavor.

유산발효한 인진쑥과 약쑥에 대해 발효전후의 이화학적 특성과 영양성분의 변화를 살펴보았고 SAW(surface acoustic wave) 센서가 장착된 GC를 기반으로 한 전자코를 이용하여 휘발성 향기성분의 패턴을 신속하게 비교분석하였다. 발효후 pH는 6.0~6.4에서 4.6~5.1로 감소하였고 총 가용성고형분 함량은 발효에 따라 약쑥은 감소, 인진쑥은 증가하였다. Hunter's color value를 측정한 결과 명도의 L값과 황색도의 b값은 감소한 반면 적색도의 a값은 발효후 모두 증가하였다. 아미노산의 총량은 발효에 따라 모두 크게 증가하였고 필수아미노산 함량은 인진쑥보다 약쑥에 많았으며 특히 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid의 함량이 가장 높았다. 지방산조성을 GC로 분석한 결과 단일불포화 지방산은 약쑥에, 다가불포화지방산은 인진쑥에 더 많이 함유되어 있었고, 발효후 모두 그 함량이 각각 증가하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 인진쑥이 62.71~69.40 mg/g로 약쑥의 23.64~24.12 mg/g보다 월등히 높았고, 발효전후의 차이는 없었다. 총 당함량은 발효전 1.58~2.70 mg/g 이었으나 발효후 0.34~1.14 mg/g으로 크게 감소하는 특징을 보였다. 쑥의 주요 지표성분중의 하나인 scopoletin을 HPLC로 분석한 결과 약쑥에서는 검출되지 않았고, 인진쑥의 경우 발효전과 발효후 각각 5.36 및 6.24 mg/g으로 나타났다. 주사전자현미경으로 살펴본 발효쑥의 표면미세구조는 쑥의 종류에 따라서는 차이가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 발효후 식물조직이 다소 거칠어지고 부스러진 입자가 생성된 것이 관찰되었으나 전반적으로 발효에 의한 식물세포의 변형은 크지 않았다. 전자코에 의한 향기성분 분석결과 발효후 새로운 향기성분의 생성되거나 발효전의 피크가 크게 증가하는 특징을 보였다. 약쑥은 11개에서 발효후 17개로 증가하였고, 인진쑥은 12개에서 19개로 증가하였다. VaporPrint$^{TM}$로 향기성분의 조합과 함량비를 이미지화된 패턴으로 분석한 결과 약쑥과 인진쑥 원료의 향기는 매우 뚜렷하게 다른 패턴을 지닌 것으로 나타났고, 발효후에는 미세하지만 발효전과 확연히 다른 냄새를 가진 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

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