• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

Waste can be utilized as secondary or alternative fuel. Solid recovered fuel (SRF) and dried sewage sludge were combusted to investigate heavy metal emissions from their combusiton in this study. Content of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) of coal, SRF and dried sewage sludge were determined, respectively. Concentrations of these heavy metals in the combustion flue gas were also determined. As a result, emissions of gas-phase Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb and As compounds were found to be little. However, a significant amount of gas-phase Hg was emitted from combustion of coal, SRF and dried sewage sludge. While SRF showed a high mercury oxidation percentage in its combustion flue gas, dried sewage sludge showed a high level of gaseous mercury emission.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.196-208
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• 1998

To improve the quality of environmental measurements and evaluation of the workplace air in the pigment manufacturing industries, we analyzed metal(chromium, cadmium, lead, iron, cobalt, manganese, antimony, titanium, arsenic, and selenium) concentrations by ICP-AES in sixty seven samples of inorganic bulk pigments which are produced and/or used in Korea. We also collected MSDS which has to be supplied by manufacturer and/or supplier and posted in the workplace according to the Hazard Communication Standards, and compared the number of metals listed in each MSDS with the number of metals determined by ICP-AES. Results were as followed; 1. Among seventeen yellowish-colored samples, chromium(2~19%) and lead(0.1~61%) were the two major metals. In thirteen reddish-colored samples, iron was the major component with 37~81%. Cobalt and manganese were detected in blue-colored samples with less than 1%, while antimony and titanium were the major two metals in white-colored pigments with 178~300 ppm and with 36~65%, respectively. 2. In area samples collected in workplace air(one pigments producing factory and five retailer stores), iron and manganese were detected but the concentrations not exceeded the TLVs(1 and $5mg/m^3$, respectively). In three of fifteen samples, the concentrations of lead exceeded the TLV ($0.05mg/m^3$). 3. Two out of seven companies provided MSDS, and the average provision rate was 22.4%. And the coincidence rate of the number of metals referenced in MSDS and determined by ICP-AES mostly accorded, but in one sample, different metal was detected from MSDS. In summary, metals have to be concerned in evaluation of the workplace air dealing with compounds of inorganic pigments dust are cobalt, chromium, iron, manganese, lead and antimony, and these are simultaneously determined by ICP-AES. Taking this opportunity, it is needed to reinforce that the personnel is to be concerned about prevention of workers' ill health regarding to provision of MSDS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.467-472
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• 1999

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of gallium arsenide(GaAs), indium phosphide(InP) and indium arsenide(InAs) all of which are used a$ the semiconductor eletments in semiconductor industry. Methods: Cytotoxicity id the alveolar macrophage was evaluated by the measurement of in vitro magnetometry, LDH release assay and histological examination. Results: The relaxation curves by the in vitro magnetometry showed that GaAs has the cytotoxicity for the alveolar macrophage which is more significant in the higher dosages, while this cytotoxicity is not appeared in the groups added with InP or InAs or PBS. In the decay constant for two minutes after magnetization, GaAs-added groups showed a significant decrease with increasing doses, but both InP- and InAs-added groups did not show any significance. The LDH release assay showed a dose-dependent increasing tendency in the GaAs-, InP- and InAs-added groups. In terms of cellular morphological changes, GaAs-added groups revealed such severe cellular damages as prominent destructions in cell membranes and their morphological changes of nucleus, while InP- and InAs-added groups remained intact in intracellular structures, except for cytoplasmic degenerations. Conclusions: It is suggested that GaAs is more influential to cytotoxicity of alveolar macrophages than InP and InAs.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

At the end of November 2010, livestock infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) were buried, increasing concern about secondary pollution of drinking water and groundwater with odor. Hence, measures to reduce pollution of drinking water and groundwater are needed. In this study, based on livestock type and soil texture, five pilot-scale burial sites were monitored for the past three years from Feb 2012 to 2015. Leachate from the site was analyzed for 90 compounds. A detailed investigation has been completed, looking into organic matter decomposition characteristics of the buried bodies, relevant trace elements thereof, and in particular metabolite concentration changes such as the degree of decomposition of a carcass. From the results, no detectable heavy metals, including cadmium and arsenic, were measured. Among animal types, the rate of cattle decomposition is faster than swine decomposition, and the decomposition of the bodies were performed in sequence from sand, clay loam, sandy loam.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.364-377
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• 2017

In this study, to improve the low surface area of domestic anthracite as raw materials of activated carbon, characteristics on chemical activation and VOCs adsorption of activated carbon according to mixing ratio of anthracite and lignite. For these, properties of raw materials, parameter characteristics of preparation processes for activated carbon, and VOCs adsorption characteristic of the prepared activated carbon are analyzed. The experimental results showed that, the domestic anthracite had disadvantages of high contents for ash and lead, arsenic, which were exceeded for the heavy metal limits, in the properties of raw materials. To improve these diadvantages, using the mixing ratio of anthracite and lignite, and the optimum conditions for pretreatment, activation, washing, and pellitization process, the activated carbon had a range of BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area of $1,154{\sim}1,420m^2g^{-1}$ with mesopore development and hydrophobic surface property. The carbons were satisfied with the quality standard for granular activated carbon, and had similar physicochemical properties with the commercial activated carbon. The minimum mixing condition for commercial VOCs activated carbon performance must have the caloric value of above $5,640kcal\;kg^{-1}$, and the carbon had higher adsorption capacity with order of xylene > toluene > benzene according to more higher molcular weight and hydrophobic property.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.5 s.174
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• pp.563-570
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• 2005

The purposes of this study are to examine a field test on heavy metal removal efficiency for AMD(Acid Mine Drainage) using fish bone and apatite, and to compare those results of the laboratory & the field tests. The duration of the field test was about one month and flow rates of AMD varied from 2.53 l/min to 12.8 l/min. From the result of the field test, removal efficiencies of apatite and those of fish bone are high for As, Fe, and Pb while those of fish born is higher than those of apatite far Al, Cd, Cu and Zn which are similar to the result of the previous laboratory test. In particular, average arsenic removal efficiency of apatite is higher$(84\%)$ than that of fish bone$(75\%)$ like the result of the previous laboratory test. In case of precipitates of phosphate compounds which are generated from chemical reaction between apatite/fish bone and AMD, those generated from apatite/AMD reactionform powder-shape while those created from fish bone/AMD reaction seem to be sludge. Therefore, apatite will be used as a precipitant for mine drainages having wide range of pH based on previous studies while fish bone will be applied as a precipitantfor AMD having lower PH and high concentration of heavy metals.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.10 no.1_2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1995

The purpose of this research is to assess the health risk of pollutants in drinking water and recommend the guidelines and management plans for maintaining good quality of drinking water. This study has been funded as a national project for three years from 1992 to 1995. This study(the second year, 1993-1994) was conducted to monitor 32 species of carcinogenic chemicals such as volatile organic compounds(VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), pesticides and heavy metals of drinking water at some area in six cities of Korea, and evaluate health risk due to these chemicals through four main steps of risk assessment in drinking water. In hazard identification, 32 species of carcinogenic chemicals were identified by the US EPA classification system. In the step of exposure assessment, sampling of raw, treated and tap water from the public water supply system had been conducted from 1993 to 1994, and 32 chemicals were analyzed. In dose-response assessment, cancer potencies, unit risk estimates and virtually safe doses of carcinogens were obtained by TOX-RISK (Version 3.1). In risk characterization of detected chemicals, health risk due to carcinogens such as vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, 1, 2-dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene and arsenic of tap water in several cities exceeded 10$^{-5}$ level. We suggest that non-regulated chemicals which exceed 10$^{-5}$ excess cancer risk level, such as vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride and 1, 2-dichloroethane, should be monitored periodically and be regulated by the Drinking Water Management Act, and database for exposure parameter of our own situation should be established.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.670-682
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• 2018

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to humans and the environment through the generation of waste containing engineered nanomaterials (WCNMs) and the use and disposal of nano-products. Nanoparticles can also be introduced intentionally or unintentionally into waste streams. This study examined WCNMs in domestic industries, and target nanomaterials, such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nano silver, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were selected. We tested 48 samples, such as dust, sludge, ash, and by-products from manufacturing facilities and waste treatment facilities. We analyzed leaching and content concentrations for heavy metals and hazardous constituents of the waste. Chemical compositions were also measured by XRD and XRF, and the unique properties of nano-waste were identified by using a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. The dust and sludge generated from manufacturing facilities and the use of nanomaterials showed higher concentrations of metals such as lead, arsenic, chromium, barium, and zinc. Oiled cloths from facilities using nano silver revealed high concentrations of copper, and the leaching concentrations of copper and lead in fly ash were higher than those in bottom ash. In XRF measurements at the facilities, we detected compounds such as silicon dioxide, sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. We found several chemicals such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide in the bottom ash of waste incinerators.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.581-586
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated the illegal hazardous compounds in dietary supplements. We analyzed the contents of anti-obesity drugs, their analogues (orlistat, sibutramine, desmethylsibutramine, didesmethylsibutramine, chlorosibutramine, chlorosipentramine) and three heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As)) in 62 other processed products (n=32), candies (n=7), weight control foods (n=10) and teas (n=13). Anti-obesity drugs or their analogues were not detected in any of the 62 samples. Three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) were detected in the range of ND-0.177 mg/kg, 0.002-0.233 mg/kg and 0.001-0.188 mg/kg in teas, ND-0.370 mg/kg, 0.003-0.057 mg/kg and 0.007-0.120 mg/kg in candies, ND-0.055 mg/kg, 0.012-0.045 mg/kg and 0.010-0.163 mg/kg in weight control foods, respectively. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) were detected in the range of ND-2.324 mg/kg, 0.004-0.936 mg/kg and 0.003-21.247 mg/kg in other processed products that are not regulated by specification standards according to food types. These results show that regulations of heavy metals is required in other processed products for genuine food safety.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2006

Nowadays the teabag is worldwide used for various products including green tea, tea, coffee, etc. since it is convenient for use. In case of outer packaging printed, however, there is a possibility that the plasticizers which is used for improvement in adhesiveness of printing ink may shift to inner tea bag. In this study, in order to monitor residual levels of plasticizers in teabags, we have established the simultaneous analysis method of 9 phthalates and 7 adipates plasticizers using gas chromatography (GC). These compounds were also confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD). The recoveries of plasticizers analyzed by GC ranged from 82.7% to 104.6% with coefficient of variation of $0.6\sim2.7%$ and the correlation coefficients of each plasticizer was $0.9991\sim0.9999$. Therefore this simultaneous analysis method was showed excellent reproducibility and linearity. And limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) on individual plasticizer were $0.1\sim3.5\;ppm\;and\;0.3\sim11.5\;ppm$ respectively. When 143 commercial products of teabag were monitored, no plasticizers analysed were detected in filter of teabag products. The migration into $95^{\circ}C$ water as food was also examined and the 16 plasticizers are not detected. In addition we carried out analysis of heavy metals, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and aluminum (Al) in teabag filters using ICP/AES. $Trace\sim23{\mu}g$ Pb per teabag and $0.6\sim1718{\mu}g$ Al per teabag were detected in materials of samples and Cd and As are detected less than LOQ (0.05 ppm). The migration levels of Pb and Al from teabag filter to $95^{\circ}C$ water were upto $11.5{\mu}g\;and\;20.8{\mu}g$ per teabag, respectively and Cd and As were not detected in exudate water of all samples. Collectively, these results suggest that there is no safety concern from using teabag filter.