• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2015

Berry or vegetable juices contain a diverse range of antioxidants. Through oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays, acai berry, aronia, wild grape, blackberry, cranberry, and spinach juices were verified to possess high antioxidant activities. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation was applied to each juice as the sole medium to improve antioxidant activity. After fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum, the antioxidant activities of acai berry, blackberry, and spinach juices increased by 20–30% from 943.2 to 1239.2, from 110.87 to 128.04, and from 77.92 to 107.20 µmol TE/g, respectively. In this study, we found that the antioxidant activities of a number of juices were enhanced through lactic acid bacteria fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.144-154
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• 1995

The fruit color characteristics and persisting period of deciduous woody landscape plants were investigated through the field survey in Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The summary of the study results was as follows; The total fruit color persisting period was about 320 days from May 1, 1992 when Prunus mume was beginning of fruit coloring, to March 20, 1993 when the fruits of Platanus occidentalis and platanus X acerifolia were persisting. And the plants of fruit persisting period over 60 days after leaf falling were Vibumum erosum, Ilex serrata, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Platanus X acerifolia, Platanus occidentalis, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropupurea', Ligustrum obtusifolium. According to the KBS standard color number, 52.6% of of the fruit color were red, 18.9% yellow, 11.6% black, green 9.5%, white 2.1%, violet 1.1%, and red is followed black 4.2%. Evodia daniellii, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Ilex serrata, Ginkgo biloba, Lindera obtusiloba, and Lindera erythrocarpa should be planted male and female species together for fruits. We got the new information on the fruit color characteritics and persisting period of Malus 'Hopa', Malus 'Almey', Malus 'Pioneer X', Acer rubrum, Malus prunifolia, Pyrus serotina, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea', Vibumum rhytidophyllum, Rosa spp. Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium angustifolium, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Magnolia stellata, Aronia arbutifolia, Sorbus alnifolia, Lonicera japonica var. aueroreticulta, and Ligustrum X vicaryi. And we need to introduce new cultivars of woody landscape plants including Malus spp, Berberis spp, Sorbus alnifolia yellow autumn leaf clone etc. for the better planting design. The fruit persisting period of woody landscape plants studied by fruit name was that sorosis 276 days, samara 155 days, legume 153 days, hip 133 days, pome was 124 days, drupe 92 days, berry 73 days, capsule 67 days, follicle 55 days and nut 52 days respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

Black chokeberries (scientific name Aronia melanocarpa) have been reported to have major effects due to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer capabilities. In this study, we investigated the anti- wrinkle effects of A. melanocarpa, including collagenase inhibition effects and their molecular biological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and activator protein (AP)-1 expression and/or phosphorylation. In collagenase inhibition activity, the ethyl acetate fraction of black chokeberry (AE) was 77.2% at a concentration of 500 μg/ml, which was a significant result compared to that of Epigallocatechin gallate (positive control, 83.9% in 500 μg/ml). In the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, the AE produced 78% of ROS in 10 μg/ml and 70% of ROS in 75 μg/ml, which was a much lower percentage than the ROS production of H₂O₂-induced CCRF S-180II cells. In the MTT assay, cell viability was increased dose-dependently with AE in H₂O₂-induced cells. In protein expression by western blot assay, the AE suppressed the expression and phosphorylation of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -9), MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38), and AP-1 (c-Fos and c-Jun), and expressed the pro-collagen type I in H₂O₂-induced cells. These results suggest that black chokeberries have anti-wrinkle and collagen-production effects, and they may be used in applications for material development in the functional food and cosmetic industries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.240-245
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• 2015

The principal objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and synergistic effects of fruit and vegetable concentrates. Ten foods from two categories, including fruits (raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, acai berry, aronia, cranberry, wild berry, and red grape) and vegetables (spinach and cabbage) were combined in pairs. The antioxidant activity of the individual and combined samples was measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Synergistic antioxidant activities of the combinations of cabbage and acai berry, and blueberry and cranberry showed the most significant (p<0.05) increase in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. In addition, the combination of cabbage and red grape demonstrated significantly high synergistic interaction in both DPPH and FRAP assays (p<0.05). These results indicate the importance of strategic selection of foods and their composition ratio for maximum synergistic antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.499-508
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• 2019

The study was carried out to investigate growth of 48.6-L pot-cultivated 1-year-old 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees depending on different levels of nitrogen concentration. While rise in tree growth was paralleled with increase of nitrogen concentration, more than 32 mM of nitrogen rather restrained tree growth. In particular, growth of 16 mM of nitrogen treated trees was satisfied with criteria for production of high-quality pot-cultivated nursery stocks. Although mineral contents of leaves were higher in 8 and 16 mM nitrogen treatments than commonly recommended mineral contents in apple orchards, such somewhat surplus minerals could be helpful for tree growth after transplanting to apple orchards. In addition, our result indicated that soils of 8 and 16 mM of nitrogen treated pots met appropriate criteria for soil chemical property of apple orchards. Thus, in the light of tree growth, mineral contents of leaves, and soil chemical property in the pots, 16 mM of nitrogen treatment is considered to be suitable for production of 1-year-old 'Fuji'/M.9 apple potted trees.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2019

요즘 항산화 활성이 높아 인기가 많은 아로니아와 댕댕이나무의 고랭지 경사밭에 재배시 추비하는 횟수가 이들 열매의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 묘목은 2년생 묘를 이용하여 2016년 5월에 정식하였으며 2018년 11월 까지 재배하여 추비하였다. 추비는 매년 1회, 2회, 3회, 4회 처리를 두었으며 3년차인 2018년에 댕댕이나무는 6월 상순, 아로니아는 10월 상순에 수확하여 동결 건조하였으며 분말형태로 갈아 실험에 사용하였다. 분석결과 추비처리에 따른 아로니아 열매의 수율은 유사하였으며 총페놀 함량은 추비 1회 처리에서 76.2mg GAE/g 로 가장 높았고 그다음이 추비 4회, 2회, 3회 순이었다. 총플라보노이드 함량은 4회 추비처리에서 14.5mg QE/g로 가장 높았으며 그다음이 추비 2회, 1회, 3회 처리 순이었다. 그리고 DPPH 활성산소 제거능은 1회 추비처리에서 130.3 IC50(${\mu}g/ml$)으로 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 그다음이 추비 4회, 2회, 3회 추비처리 순이었다. 또 환원력에 있어서도 $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서 추비 1회에서 높았고 그다음 유사하였다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 아로니아 열매의 항산화 활성은 추비를 1회 정도 하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 추비처리에 따른 댕댕이나무 열매의 수율은 추비 4회 처리에서 가장 높았고 그다음이 추비 1회 처리에서 많았고 추비 2회, 3회는 유사하였다. 총페놀 함량은 추비 2회 처리에서 59.1mg GAE/g 로 가장 높았고 그다음이 추비 3회, 4회, 2회 처리 순이었다. 총플라보노이드 함량은 추비 1회 처리에서 152mg QE/g로 가장 높았으며 그다음은 모두 유사하였다. 그리고 DPPH 활성산소 제거능은 2회 추비처리에서 117.8 IC50(${\mu}g/ml$)으로 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 그다음이 1회, 4회, 3회 추비처리 순이었다. 또 환원력에 있어서도 $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서 추비 1회와 2회 처리에서 높았고 3회 4회 처리는 유사하였다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 댕댕이나무 열매의 항산화 활성은 추비를 1-2회 정도 하는 것이 좋은 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.281-293
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• 2020

The Korean thistle (Cirsium setidens) is grown in Gangwon province as a food ingredient called gondre. Based on regular monitoring of Korean thistle cultivation, we detected local outbreaks of a stick insect causing severe damage. Here we report the identification of the stick insect and its ecological characteristics. The survey involved 3 farms located in Jeongeon-gun, Gangwon province and lasted from May 28 to October 1 in 2019. According to morphological and DNA analyses the stick insect was identified as Ramulus koreanus Kwon Ha and Lee. a member of the family Phasmatidae. Its outbreak in the Korean thistle farms was observed from June 11 to August 22 with peak density on July 23. Spatial distribution analyses, using Taylors power law and Greens index showed that R. koreanus was uniformally distributed. Food consumption rate of Korean thistle leaves was estimated as 60.98±4.35 ㎠/day/adult. The main food plants were identified as Juglans mandshurica and Aronia melanocarpa. Further study needs to pursue the mechanism of the outbreak and its possible impact on agricultural and forest ecosystems. Additionally, means to relieve crop damage need to be identified.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 2014

Ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation is a negative factor that induces skin damage, inflammation, and aging. UVB irradiation induces the inflammatory response through interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression in keratinocytes. In addition, it induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), which plays an important role in collagen 1 degradation in the extracellular matrix. We investigated the antiaging effects of five kinds of berry in human skin keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells using juice of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), blueberry wild (Vacciniun angustifolium) and cultivar (Vacciniun corymbosum), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott), and mulberry (Morus abla). HaCaT cells irradiated with UV-B exhibited increased ROS generation, as well as IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-1 gene expression, when compared to the control cells that were not irradiated with UV-B. However, pre-treatment of berry juice before UV-B irradiation significantly down-regulated the UV-B-induced ROS generation and inflammatory cytokine and MMP-1 expression. The results suggest that all berries have anti-aging effects including lowering inflammatory cytokine levels, ROS generation, and MMP-1 expression in HaCaT cells during UV-B irradiation.