• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.147-165
• /
• 2009

Virtual community(VC) will increasingly be organized as commercial enterprises, with the objective of earning an attractive financial return by providing members with valuable resources and environment. For example, Cyworld.com in Korea uses several community services to enable customers of Cyworld to take control of their own value as potential purchasers of products and services. Although initial adoption is important for online network service success, it does not necessarily result in the desired managerial performance unless the initial usage is continuously related to the continuous usage and purchase. Particularly, the customer who receives relevant online services and is well equipped with online network services, will trust the online service provider and perceive less risk and experience more activities such as continuous usage and purchase. Thus, how to promote continued online service usage or, alternatively, how to prevent discontinuance is a critical issue for VC service providers to consider. By aggregating a wide range of information and online environments for customers and providing trust to its members, the service providers of virtual communities help to reduce the perceived risk of continuous usage and purchase. Drill down, online service managers realize that achieving strong and sustained customers who continuously use online service and purchase on it is crucial. Therefore, the research into this online service continuance will identify the relationship between the initial usage and the continuous usage and purchase. The research of continuous usage or post adoption has recently emerged as an important issue in the IS literature. Individuals' information systems(IS) continuous usage decisions are congruent with consumers' repeat purchase decisions. The TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) paradigm has been strongly confirmed across a wide range from product purchase on EC to online service usage contexts. The analysis of IS usage based on TAM has proven to be successful across almost online service contexts. However, most of previous studies have focused on only an area (i.e., VC or EC). Just little research has tried to analyze the relationship between VC and EC. The effect of some factors on user intention, captured through several theories such as TAM, has been demonstrated. Yet, few studies have explored the salient relationships of VC users' EC acceptance. To fill this gap between VC and EC research, this paper attempts to develop a research model that extends the TAM perspective in view of the additional contributions of trust in the service provider and trust in members on some factors that affect EC and VC adoption. In this extension, we applied the TAM-to-TAM(T2T) model, and analyzed the transfer effect of trust between these two TAMs. The research model was empirically tested on the context of a social network service. The model was to extend TAM with the trust concept for the virtual community environment from the perspective of tasks. By building an extended model of TAM and examining the relationships between trust and the existing variables of TAM, it is aimed to explain a user's continuous intention to use VC and purchase on EC. The unit of analysis in this paper is an individual user of a virtual community. The population of interest is the individual with the experiences in virtual community. The data for this paper was made available via a Web survey of VC users. In total, 281 cases were gathered for about one week, but there were some missing values in the sample and there were some inappropriate cases. Thus, only 248 cases were finally analyzed. We chose the structural equation analysis to test the hypotheses and it is better suited for explaining complex relationships than the other methods. In this test, AMOS was used to test the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Noticeable results have been found in the T2T model regarding the factors affecting the intention to use of virtual community and loyalty. Our result showed that trust transfer plays a key role in forming the two adoption beliefs. Overall, this study preliminarily confirms the salience of trust transfer in online service.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.595-604
• /
• 2002

The growth promoting effect of Clostridium hutyricum KCTC 1785 was investigated with natural products bearing antioxidative capacity, and combined two, three and four kinds of them. C. butyricum was showed a good growth by Lycii fructus, Sophorae flos, Chelidonium majus L., Atractylodis rhizoma alba, Paeonia japonica, alone, and two mixed com-binations were composed of Paeonia japonica and Epimedii herba, Paeonia japonica and Aurantii nobilis pericarpium, Paeonia japonica and Puerariae radix, Pneonia japonica and Angelicae gigantis radix, and three mixed combinations were organized with Epimedii herba, Sophorae flos and Nnelumbo nuclfera gaertner, and Epimedii herba, Sophorae flos and Scutellaria haicalensis george, and Epimedii herba, Sophorae flos and theae folium, and Epimedii herba, Paeonia japonica and Angelicae gigantis radix, and four mixed combinations were formed with Epimedii herba, Puerariae radix, Nelumbo nuclfera gaertner and Paeonia japonica, and Epimedii herba, Puerariae radix, Nelumbo nuclfera gaertner and Theae folium, and Epimedii berba, puerariae radix, Nelumbo nuclfera gaertner and Angelicae gigantis radix, and puerariae radix, Nelumbo nuclfera gaertner, paeonia japonica and Theae folium. As these combinations of natural products could activate some parts fo body, they might be applied to pharmaceuitcal applications, functional foods, antiaging tea, also expected to promote useful enterobacterial growth for multifunctional fermentative beverage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 2007

Objectives: Many neurological diseases are known to be caused by expansion of trinucleotide repeats (TNRs). It is hard to diagnose the alteration of TNRs with single cell level for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). In this study, we describe methods optimized for PGD of TNRs related diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). Methods: We performed the preclinical assays with heterozygous patient's lymphocytes by single cell PCR strategy. Fluorescent semi-nested PCR and fragment analysis using automatic genetic analyzer were applied for HD and SCA 3. Whole genome amplification with multiple displacement amplification (MDA) method and fluorescent PCR were carried out for FXS. Amplification and allele drop-out (ADO) rate were evaluated in each case. Results: The fluorescent semi-nested PCR of single lymphocyte showed 100.0% of amplification and 14.0% of ADO rate in HD, and 94.7% of amplification and 5.6% of ADO rate in SCA3, respectively. We could not detect the PCR product of CGG repeats in FXS using the fluorescent semi-nested PCR alone. After applying the MDA method in FXS, 84.2% of amplification and 31.3% of ADO rate were achieved. Conclusions: Fluorescent semi-nested PCR is a reliable method for PGD of HD and SCA3. The advanced MDA method overcomes the problem of amplification failure in CGG repeats of FXS case. Optimization of methods for single cell analysis could improve the sensitivity and reliability of PGD for complicated single gene disorders of TNRs.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.232-240
• /
• 2014

The significance of thermoplastic polyolefin polypropylene (PP) lies in its potential to replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the most widely used material for automobile interiors (door trim, dash board), which discharges harmful compounds in certain conditions. Another benefit of PP (0.855 amorphous - 0.946 crystalline $g/cm^3$) is its low density compared to that of PVC ($1.1-1.45g/cm^3$), which reduces vehicle weight. Market demand for eco-friendly water-based adhesive/coating material is rising significantly as a substitute for solvent-based adhesive/coating material which emits VOC and causes harmful working conditions. Under such context, in this study, a series of eco-friendly waterborne polyurethane-urea primer (a paint product that allows finishing paint to adhere much better than if it were used alone) for hydrophobic PP were prepared from different mix of DMPA content, NCO/OH molar ratio, various wt% of silicone diol and various soft segment content, among which DMPA of 21 mole %, NCO/OH molar ratio of 1.2, modified silicone diol of 5 wt% and soft segment content of 73 wt% led to good adhesion strength. Additionally, the incorporation of optimum content of additives (0.5 wt% dispersing agent, 0.5 wt% levelling agent, 1.5 wt% antifoaming agent, 3.0 wt% matting agent) into the optimum waterborne polyurethane-urea also enabled good stability, levelling, antifoaming and non-glossy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.551-556
• /
• 2012

The database for the oriental medicine had been existed in documentation in past times and it has been developed to the database type for random accesses in the information society. However, the aspects of the database are not so diversified and the database for the bio herbal material exists in widened type dictionary style. It is a situation that the database which handles the in-depth raw herbal medicines is not sufficient in its quantity and quality. Korean wild grape is a deciduous plant categorized into the Vitaceae and it was found experimentally that it has various medical effects. It is one of the medical materials with higher potentiality of academic study and commercialization recently because it has a bigger possibility to be applied into diverse industrial fields including the medical product for health, food and beauty. We constituted the cooperative system among the Muju cluster business group for Korean mountain wild grapes, Physiology Laboratory in Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine and Medical Classics Laboratory in Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine with a view to focusing on such potentiality and a database for Korean wild grapes was made a touchstone for establishing the in-depth database for the single bio medical materials. First of all, the literatures based on the North East Asia in ancient times had been categorized into the classical literature (Korean literature published by government organization, Korean classical literature, Chinese classical literature and classical literature fro Korean and Chinese oriental medicine) and modern literature (Modern literature for oriental medicine, modern literature for domestic and foreign herbal medicine) to cover the eastern and western research records and writings related to Korean wild grapes and the text-mining work has been performed through the cooperation system with the Medical Classics Laboratory in Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine. First of all, the data for the experiment and theory for Korean wild grape were collected for the Medline database controlled by the Parliament Library of USA to arrange the domestic and foreign theses with topic for Korean wild grapes and the network hyperlink function and down load function were mounted for self-thesis searching function and active view based on the collected data. The thesis searching function provides various auxiliary functions and the searching is available according to the diverse searching/queries such as the name of sub species of Korean wild grape, the logical intersection index for the active ingredients, efficacy and elements. It was constituted for the researchers who design the Korean wild grape study to design of easier experiment. In addition, the data related to the patents for Korean wild grape which were collected from European Patent Office in response to the commercialization possibility and the system available for searching and view was established in the same viewpoint. Perl was used for the query programming and MS-SQL for database establishment and management in the designing of this database. Currently, the data is available for free use and the address is as follows. http://163.180.41.43:8011/index.html

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.228-234
• /
• 2004

In organic farming, nutrients for the crop production are mostly supplied by compost containing various organic materials. The long-term organic cultivation would result in continuous changes of soil chemical properties and fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of long-term organic cultivation to the soil fertility in Korea focusing on the chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from organic farms that had been cultivated for 8-10 years after certification of organic product through the conversion periods of 2-3 years. Thereby each organic farm had acquired optimal cultivating techniques and soil condition. We separated organic farms into three groups by cultivating crops, i.e. leaf vegetables, fruit vegetables and fruit trees. In each group, five representative farms were chosen in order to investigate the relationships between application rate of compost and nutrient contents in soil. The application rate of compost was approximately $10-15Mg\;10a^{-1}$ for the first 2-3 years at the beginning of organic farming and then reduced to a rate of $3-4Mg\;10a^{-1}$ after stabilization of organic matter content in soil with $30-50g\;10a^{-1}$. However, the continuous organic farming for 8-10 years resulted in accumulation of nutrients, especially of P, in soil probably due to the excessive amounts of compost applied. In conclusion, we suggest that the application rate and organic sources of compost should be decided on the basis of P content in soil by soil testing and thereafter the lack of soil N content for crop cultivation should be compensated by crop rotation with such as legumes. This might be an approach to the original meaning of organic farming as an environmental friendly agriculture.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.287-296
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the remineralization effect of commercially available anticariogenic products, exactly low level fluoride mouthrinse(500 ppm NaF), tooth cream with Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate(CPP-ACP) and fluoride mouthrinse plus tooth cream on artificial caries lesion. Artificial caries lesion was induced at the buccal surface of permanent third molar and the specimens were then divided(16 specimens/group) into four group. Twice a day during 28 days specimens of each group were treated with a commercially anticariogenic product as follows and applied to the pH cycling system. Group 1: control group (No treatment) Group 2: Tooth $Mousse^{(R)}$ (GC Co. Japan) Group 3: $chikachika^{(R)}$ (Samil Co. Korea) Group 4: $chikachika^{(R)}$+Tooth Mousse$^{(R)}$ The long-term change of mineral loss(${\Delta}Q$) was evaluated by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and the following results were obtained: 1. ${\Delta}Q$ of Group 1 was not noticed statistically significant during 28 days comparing that prior to treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in ${\Delta}Q$ of Group 2 and 3 since 14 days. So was in ${\Delta}Q$ of Group 4 since 7 days. 2. ${\Delta}Q$ was increased as follows: Group 1< Group 2, 3< Group 4. 3. Comparing with Group 1, Group 2 was a statistically significant increase since 7 days and Group 3 and 4 were since 3 days. Comparing Group 2 with 3, there was not noticed statistically significant during whole duration. Group 4 was significantly higher than Group 2 and 3 after 28 days. 4. All groups demonstrated a decrease in the rate of remineralization as time goes on.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.106 no.2
• /
• pp.219-229
• /
• 2017

Forest road is an essential infrastructure for forest management such as the composition and management of forest resources, timber and forest byproduct production & transportation. It has recently been utilized forest recreation and forest sports as well as also forest pest control, forest fire prevention and evolution. When you build a forest road, the economic function in the forest is activated, so that it can result in the ripple effect of induced employment, value-added creation and production inducement. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact caused by forest road construction occurring as the overall economy. For analysis it was applied to inter industry analysis method that is a method for analyzing the quantitative cross-correlation. The data were used in the Input-Output Tables In 2014, the Bank of Korea. When you build a forest road, economic effect due to the construction of the forest road is generated and economic effects are also generated due to the increase in the production of forest products after the construction of the forest road. Therefore, we will analyze the economic impact of the two effects. The estimated economic value of forest products, which is the economic effect of forest product cultivation, was calculated through some assumptions and the economic ripple effect was analyzed. The forest road construction sector is defined as land clearing and reclamation, and irrigation project construction and the forestry forest products sector is defined as the sum of raw timber, edible forest products and misc. forest products. In total, 32 sectors were classified, and except for the two sectors defined as forest road construction and forestry forest products, the remaining sectors were integrated according to the classification system of 30 integrated classifications of the Bank of Korea. As a result, the production inducement coefficient for forest construction was analyzed to be 2.767 and the production inducement coefficient for forestry forest products was analyzed to be 1.565. This means that 2,767 times the production of forest road construction investment is induced in the whole industry and the production of 1.562 times the amount of forestry forest products is caused by the whole industry as the production of forestry forest products increases. The value added inducement coefficient for forest road construction was 0.977 and the value added inducement coefficient for forestry forest products was 0.985. Forest road are essential infrastructure for forestry development and should be continuously invested because they are essential elements of timber production and forest byproduct production with functions such as forest management, forest recreation, forest sports, and town connection.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.33 no.9
• /
• pp.751-775
• /
• 2006

In this paper, we suggested an avatar control technique using the high-level behavior. We separated behaviors into three levels according to level of abstraction and defined layered scripts. Layered scripts provide the user with the control over the avatar behaviors at the abstract level and the reusability of scripts. As the 3D environment gets complicated, the number of required avatar behaviors increases accordingly and thus controlling the avatar-object behaviors gets even more challenging. To solve this problem, we embed avatar behaviors into each environment object, which informs how the avatar can interact with the object. Even with a large number of environment objects, our system can manage avatar-object interactions in an object-oriented manner Finally, we suggest an easy-to-use user interface technique that allows the user to control avatars based on context menus. Using the avatar behavior information that is embedded into the object, the system can analyze the object state and filter the behaviors. As a result, context menu shows the behaviors that the avatar can do. In this paper, we made the virtual presentation environment and applied our model to the system. In this paper, we suggested the technique that we controling an the avatar control technique using the high-level behavior. We separated behaviors into three levels byaccording to level of abstract levelion and defined multi-levellayered script. Multi-leveILayered script offers that the user can control avatar behavior at the abstract level and reuses script easily. We suggested object models for avatar-object interaction. Because, TtThe 3D environment is getting more complicated very quickly, so that the numberss of avatar behaviors are getting more variableincreased. Therefore, controlling avatar-object behavior is getting complex and difficultWe need tough processing for handling avatar-object interaction. To solve this problem, we suggested object models that embedded avatar behaviors into object for avatar-object interaction. insert embedded ail avatar behaviors into object. Even though the numbers of objects areis large bigger, it can manage avatar-object interactions by very efficientlyobject-oriented manner. Finally Wewe suggested context menu for ease ordering. User can control avatar throughusing not avatar but the object-oriented interfaces. To do this, Oobject model is suggested by analyzeing object state and filtering the behavior, behavior and context menu shows the behaviors that avatar can do. The user doesn't care about the object or avatar state through the related object.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2013

Thermal storage technology used for indoor heating and cooling to maintain a constant temperature for a long period of time has an advantage of raising energy use efficiency. This, the phase changing material, which utilizes heat storage properties of the substances, capsulizes substances that melt at a constant temperature. This is applied to construction materials to block or save energy due to heat storage and heat protection during the process in which substances melt or freeze according to the indoor or outdoor temperature. The micro-encapsulation method is used to create thermal storage from phase changing material. This method can be broadly classified in 3 ways: chemical method, physical and chemical method and physical and mechanical method. In the physical and chemical method, a wet process using the micro-encapsulation process utilized. This process emulsifies the core material in a solvent then coats the monomer polymer on the wall of the emulsion to harden it. In this process, a surfactant is utilized to enhance the performance of the emulsion of the core material and the coating of the wall monomer. The performance of the micro-encapsulation, especially the coating thickness of the wall material and the uniformity of the coating, is largely dependent on the characteristics of the surfactant. This research compares the performance of the micro-capsules and heat storage for product according to molecular mass and concentration of the surfactant, SSMA (sulfonated styrene-maleic anhydride), when it comes to micro-encapsulation through interfacial polymerization, in which Dodecan-1 is transformed to melamin resin, a heat storage material using phase changing properties. In addition, the thickness of the micro-encapsulation wall material and residual melamine were reduced by adjusting the concentration of melamin resin microcapsules.