• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 1998

Transfer of Candida albicans grown in Sabouraud medium to the RPMI medium induces the transition from a nonpathogenic yeast form to a pathogenic hyphal form. This transition was severely inhibited in a dose-dependent manner when deer antler extract was added to the RPMI medium in a nontoxic range (up to $500{\mu}g$). In that range, deer antler extract inhibited the hyphal transition and cell growth, whereas no effect was observed on the yeast growth. When hydrophobic or hydrophilic fractions were prepared by detergent-solubilization of deer antler extract, the hydrophobic fraction showed a large degree of inhibition of the hyphal growth in Candida albicans. Neither fraction affected the growth in the yeast form. The pattern of chitin localization in the culture of the yeast form grown in RPMI in the presence of deer antler extract was confirmed by calcofluor staining and this exhibited strongly the suppression of hyphal transition.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.985-991
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• 2006

In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Haepyoeiin-tang plus Antler water extract water extract was tested in Xylene-Application mouse ear acute inflammation model. The test articles were once dosed before Xylene-Application, and the changes on Dody weight and weights and histopathological observation of induced ear were conducted with ear histomorphometry, The increases of absolute and relative ear weight detected in vehicle control compared to that of sham, were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by Haepyoejin-tang plus Antler in the present study, A classic acute inflammatory histological changes such as subcutaneous edema, hypertrophy and infiltration of inflammatory cells, was detected in vehicle control. However, these histological changes were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by Haepyoeiin-tang plus Antler. In addition, the increases of ear thickness half and thickness full detected in the vehicle control, were also dose-dependently decreased in the all Haepyoeiin-tang plus Antler-dosing groups. Base on these results, it is concluded that Haepyoeiin-tang plus Antler water extracts have a clear anti-inflammatory effect on the acute inflammation. However, somewhat lower anti-inflammatory effects were detected in Haepyoeiin-tang plus Antler water extracts compare to that of Dethamethason and Dicrofenac. About 500 mg/kg of Haepyoeiin-tang plus Antler water extracts have similar effect compared to that of Dicrofenac 15 mg/kg.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.75-80
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to control microorganisms of deer antler products with ethanol and heat process. Methods : The deer antler of Cervus elaphus was used for this study. The sliced deer antler of market condition were processed with 70% ethanol only (酒洗) and 70% ethanol with heat (酒炙). The microorganisms were isolated and incubated on Luria broth (LB) plates at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Results : The number of isolated microorganism colony were 201.1, 33.5 and 2.0 ea from each sliced deer antler of market condition, 70% ethanol only and 70% ethanol with heat process, respectively. Conclusions : These results suggested that 70% ethanol with heat processing is effective for reducing microbial contamination of deer antler products.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 1983

In the present study, in attempt was made to observe the effect of lipid components in pantocrin and antler velvet and sponge layers extracts on the aldolase activity in the rat spinal nerves. The antler chloroform-methanol (2:1) extracts are known to be composed of neutral lipids, cholesterol, cerebrosides, spingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and gangliosides. The antler extracts were studied on the aldolase activity in the rat spinal nerves. The aldolase activity was measured by the method of Lehninger. To investigate the components of tile extracts which affect the enzyme activity, the chloroform-methanol (2:1) extracts of antler were fractionated into petroleum ether soluble and insoluble fractions and their effects on the enzyme activity were compared. It was found that the chloroform-methanol (2:1) extracts of the antler sponge and velvet layers as well as those petroleum ether soluble fractions obtained from the chloroform-methanol (2:1) extracts, decrease the aldolase activity by 18-23%. However, pantocrin showed increasing effect on the aldolase activity by 42.6%. The petroleum ether insoluble fraction of the chloroform-methanol (2:1) -extract showed no significant increasing activity (about 13%) on the spinal nerves aldolase. The components of pantocrin ind the petroleum ether insoluble fractions were attempted to analysize by thin layer (silica gel) and gas liquid chromatography.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.36-42
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• 1975

Effects of hydrolysed Antler for prevention or therapeusis of cho1esteremia in rabbit was examined by oral administration of hydrolysed Antler to Rabbits with lanolin diet or to cholesteremia rabbits. Examination were made on the blood cholesterol value, urinary excretion of cholesterol ,cholesterol in various organs, and rabbits bred on lanolin diet were used as the control. From these experimental data, it was found that the best decholesterol action is seen in a intial added hydrolysed Antler diet.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

The 2%, 3% of deer young antler, deer antler, oystershell, crabshell, eggshell were add into the 5%, 10%, 15% solution of glacial acetic acid and vinegar and after incubating it for 4 days at $30^{\circ}C$ respectively, solubility was analyzed. The result shows the difference was minute between glacial acetic acid and vinegar. In the 2% content of deer young antler, solubility was 42~47%, in the 3% content of it, solubility was 41~47%, with the acid concentration becoming higher, solubility increased slightly. In the 2% content of deer antler, solubility was 59~63%, in the 15% content of acid, solubility rather decreased. In the 2% content of oystershell, solubility was 85~96%, in the 3% content, solubility was 95~98%, in the 15% of acid density, it decreased. In the 2% content of crabshell, solubility was 79~88%, in the 3% content, solubility was 81~95%, and in case that acid density was high, solubility increased rather slightly. In the 2% content of eggshell, solubility was 84~96%, in the 3% content, solubility was 84~93%. When young deer antler and deer antler were heated for two hours at $100^{\circ}C$, solubility increased 19~24%, and in the case of crabshell, 10~11% increased. The above result and condition, and the result of pH and acidity don't have much influence on solubility. Thus, the 5% of acidity was enough to melt the 3% of sample. Highest were glacial acetic acid and vinegar in solubility to the various organic acid, and wax gourd vinegar melted the 85% of oystershell, the 78% of crabshell, the 28% of the deer young antler, and in the precipitation was made. Citric acid melted the 57% of deer antler, but it was precipitated with all other samples. Ascorbic acid melted the 92% of eggshell, and did the 37~54% of other samples.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2010

In order to investigate the physiological properties of velvet antler of elk (Cervus e. canadensis) raised in Korea, antlers (n=378) were collected from deer in 8 provinces including Gyeonggi-do (n=53), Gangwon-do (n=49), Chungcheongbuk-do (n=62), Chungcheongnam-do (n=68), Jeollabuk-do (n=52), Jeollanam-do (n=15), Gyeongsangbuk-do (n=30) and Gyeongsangnam-do (n=49). The exterior characteristics (weight, length, girth and crown) of all antlers were measured, and 18 antler samples were randomly selected for measurement of interior characteristics such as specific gravity, capacity and diameter of cross section. The mean antler weight, length of the main beam and mean length of upper section were $4.87{\pm}1.79\;kg$, $83.7{\pm}13.2\;cm$ and $40.6{\pm}11.4\;cm$, respectively. Mean girth of the top, middle and base of the main beam were $27.1{\pm}5.9\;cm$, $22.1{\pm}3.6\;cm$ and $22.9{\pm}3.6\;cm$ respectively, indicating a slight narrowing in the middle of the antler. In each of the tines, the girth at the base was markedly thicker compared to the top. The depth of the crown at the top of the antler, and the average number of crowns and tines were $14.1{\pm}7.0\;cm$, $2.1{\pm}0.6$ and $3.0{\pm}0.5$, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in mean specific gravity between top and base, mean specific gravity of main beam tended to increase from top to base of the antler with decreasing capacity. Additionally, the inner diameter of the base of the antler was significantly reduced compared to that of the top, indicating a greater integumental thickening due to mineralization. Information on the morphological and physiological properties of elk antlers is scarce. Therefore, these results may be useful in providing basic information for the physiological properties of antler, and encourage further studies on antler morphology in other deer species showing species specific differences.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the antler induction rate and production by artificial induction of antlerogenesis using $CaCl_2$ injection on both periosteum around area of horn development for the frontal bone of a female elk deer which do not have an antler. The results obtained from eleven deers for verifying effect of the female's antler induction on reproduction are as follows: The antler development induction by $CaCl_2$injection is higher on the treatments of 30 and 50% of $CaCl_2$ injection than those on the treatments of 15 %. The antler production is higher on the 30 % $CaCl_2$ injection than those of 15 and 50 % $CaCl_2$ injection. For 30 % $CaCl_2$ injection, the antler production is higher in 1.5 and 2.0 ml of % $CaCl_2$ injection than the other injection level. After the induction of antler development, the birth rate is not changed as of 75~100 %, while the regeneration rate of the antler which was not constant in approximately 45 % for five among eleven female deer. With these results, we assume that the injection concentration and amount of $CaCl_2$ injection are around 30 % and 1.5 and 2.0 ml level which can be not only most effective conditions for the antler induction rate and production, but also these conditions do not influence the reproduction during the period of the female elk's antler development induction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.794-800
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• 2004

Deer Antler has been known for its traditional oriental medicinal properties and has been widely used to promote growth, boost immune function, treat blood loss and chronic joint pain. Recent study showed imported (New Zealand) Deer Antler was beneficial in reducing the side effects of cancer treatments. However, there was no intervention study conducted on the effect of Korean Deer Antler on reducing the oxidative stress to patients with diabetes. One of the sensitive ways to measure endogenous oxidative stress is by measuring cellular DNA damage using single cell gel electrophoresis (COMET assay). This study was conducted to investigate the possible beneficial effect of commercial Deer Antler drink (provided by Chung-yang Deer Farm) on lymphocyte DNA damage and blood glucose of diabetic patients. Ten patients (4 men, 6 women) participated in the study and consumed 2 pouches of Deer Antler drink every day for 20 days. Blood was collected on the morning before and after the intervention for lymphocyte isolation and blood glucose analysis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a tendency to decrease but did not reach statistical significance after the trial. Blood glucose level was not affected by the supplementation. After the intervention, over 50% reduction were noted in the cellular DNA damage, expressed as tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM: tail length ${\times}$ percent tail DNA) . Although we did not obtain beneficial effect on lowering blood glucose levels in the patients, this results suggest that Deer Antler may initially act in protecting endogenous DNA damage in short-term experiment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.891-895
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• 2008

Natural substances have recently received much attention as therapeutic drugs to prevent many diseases in humans because they avoid the many side effects of treatment with chemical compounds. We examined the effect of water extract of deer antler in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. The effects of water extract of deer antler in osteoclast differentiation were determined by culture of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). The mRNA expression levels of c-Fos, NFATc1, TRAP, and GAPDH in BMMs were analyzed by RT-PCR. Cell lysates were obtained from the treated cells, the expression levels of c-Fos and NFATc1 were determined by western blotting with antibodies for c-Fos and NFATc1. Water extract of deer antler greatly inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation in osteoclast precursors without cytotoxicity. Water extract of deer antler inhibited the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in BMMs treated with RANKL. Our findings suggest that water extract of deer antler inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing c-Fos and NFATc1 expression in response to RANKL. These results demonstrate that water extract of deer antler may be a useful the treatment of bone-related disease such as osteoporosis.