• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1134-1139
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract(LSE) from the mixture of leaf and stem of ginseng radix(Panax Ginseng CA Meyer). This study measured antifatigue effects by rota-rod test and swimming test. Also we examined the cell toxicity in normal liver and kidney cells, and acute toxicity in mice. Dropping times of LSE treated group decreased about 39-83% compared to the control group according to supplementation intake levels. Swimming time in LSE treated group increased compared to the control group at short and long supplementation. Negative effects were not found from the results of the cell toxicity. Also acute toxicity not shown. These results imply that the leaf and stem of ginseng radix could be used as possible food resources and functional food material and feed stuff.

• 생약학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 1990

The acute and subacute toxicities and pharmacological actions of two preparations of Ssanghwa Tang prescriptions have been evaluated in mice, rats and rabbits. The two prescriptions were found to be safe drugs because those preparations exhibited almost no acute and subacute toxicities even at a high dosage level. The two prescriptions elicited CNS depressant activities characterized by potentiation of hexobarbital-induced narcosis, antipyretic activity in typhoid-vaccinated rabbits and a significant antifatigue effect against cold immobilized stress, the activities of prescription B being more potent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.179-185
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• 1985

Total ethanol extract of chinese drugs was administered to mice for 4 weeks (small dosage group) and 3 days (large dosage group), and its antifatigue effects and hepatonic activities were compared with those of P. ginseng and A. sessiliflorum. 1. In the long-term administration of extracts, the swimming performance peaked at 2 weeks, and the recovery effects on the intoxicated liver appeared to be significant in the extracts of P. officinale, P. cocos and A. cochinchinensis among tested chinese drugs. 2. The large dose administration of extracts gave high improvement of recovery effect on the intoxicated liver.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.158-162
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• 1999

양파는 항균작용, 혈액응고 억제작용, 콜레스테롤 억제효과, 고혈압 및 당뇨 등에 효과를 나타내는 생리활성 물질을 함유한 향신료의 하나로써 전남 남해안 지역에서 특산물로서 생산되며, 작황 상황에 따라 가격 변동이 큰 농산물이다. 이러한 양파의 소비를 촉진하고 인체에 유익한 효과를 이용하기 위하여 양파를 물로 추출하여 제조한 양파 추출물을 주원료로 하고 고과당, 벌꿀, cyclodextrin 및 구연산 등을 첨가하여 양파음료를 제조하였다. 제품의 저장, 유통기간 중의 발생될 수 있는 침전을 방지하기 위하여 품질 안정제로써 cyclodextrin액을 300mg, 500mg및 1g을 첨가하여 실온 및 4$0^{\circ}C$에서의 경시변화를 관찰한 결과 1 g을 사용하였을 때가 양파음료 제품의 침전 방지 효과가 가장 좋았으며 양파의 부드러운 맛도 유지할 수 있었다. 건강식품으로써의 기능성을 검토하기 위하여 양파음료에 사용되는 양파 및 마늘을 양파 농축물과 마늘 농축물로 각각 제조하여 in vitro에서 POV 값의 변화와 Thiocyanate 방법에 의한 항산화 효과를 BHA와 BHT를 이용하여 비교 실험한 결과 POV 값의 변화는 7$0^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 관찰한 결과 control로 이용한 대두유가 561 meq/kg을 나타낸데 비하여 양파 농축물은 403 meq/kg, 마늘 농축물은 391 meq/kg. BHA는 354 meq/kg. BHT는 349 meq/kg와 같이 양파와 마늘 농축물은 BHA와 BHT에 비하여 약간의 차이는 있으나 대두유를 이용한 POV 값의 변화에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. Thiocyanate 방법에 의한 항산화력의 효과는 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 12일간 배양하면서 측정한 결과 BHT, BHA, 마늘 농축물, 양파 농축물 순으로 항산화 효과를 보여 주었다. in vivo상에서 흰쥐를 이용한 항피로효과 실험을 위하여 양파 농축물과 마늘 농축물을 각각 사료 500 g당 양파, 마늘의 양으로 10 g, 5 g, 2.5 g을 첨가하여 실험에 사용하였고, 양파음료는 음료 그대로를 음용수 대신에 사용하여 흰쥐의 유영시간을 실험한 결과 사료 500g당 양파 2.5g 첨가시 13%의 감소를 보여 주었으나 5g 첨가시는 대조군과 거의 같은 유영시간을 나타내었고 109g 첨가시는 57%의 증가를 나타내었다. 마늘에 있어서도 이와 유사한 실험결과를 보여 주었으며 2.5g 첨가시 26%의 감소를 5g 첨가시는 12%의 증가를 보여주었고 10g 첨가시는 59%의 증가를 보여주었다. 특히 양파음료는 가장 높은 효과인 72%의 증가를 보여 주었는데 이는 양파의 효능과 더불어 감미제로 사용된 당류의 영향이 아닌가 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.676-683
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• 2019

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is widely used for strengthening the immune system and fighting fatigue, especially in people with deficiency syndrome. However, there is concern that the long-term application or a high dose of KRG can cause "fireness" (上火 in Chinese) because of its "dryness" (燥性 in Chinese). The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a 4-week treatment with KRG in participants with deficiency syndrome. Methods: This was a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 180 Chinese participants were randomly allocated to three groups: placebo control group, participants were given a placebo, 3.6 g/d; KRG 1.8 g and 3.6 g groups. The primary outcomes were the changes in fireness and safety evaluation (adverse events, laboratory tests, and electrocardiogram). The secondary outcomes were the efficacy of KRG on fatigue, which include the following: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scale and fatigue self-assessment scale. Results: Of the 180 patients, 174 completed the full study. After 4 weeks of KRG treatment, the Fire-heat symptoms score including Excess fire-heat score and Deficient fire-heat score showed no significant change as compared with placebo treatment, and no clinically significant changes in any safety parameter were observed. Based on the TCM syndrome score and fatigue self-assessment score, TCM symptoms and fatigue were greatly improved after treatment with KRG, which showed a dose- and time-dependent effect. The total effective rate was also significantly increased in the KRG groups. Conclusion: Our study revealed that KRG has a potent antifatigue effect without significant adverse effects in people with deficiency syndrome. Although a larger sample size and longer treatment may be required for a more definite conclusion, this clinical trial is the first to disprove the common conception of "fireness" related to KRG.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Ginseng extract (GSE) and taurine (TR) are widely used antifatigue resources in functional foods. However, the mechanism underlying the antifatigue effects of GSE and TR are still unclear. Hence, we investigated whether GSE and TR have synergistic effects against fatigue in mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: L6 cells were treated with different concentrations of TR and GSE, and cell viability was determined using 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium. Oxidative stress was analyzed by immunocytochemistry using MitoTracker^TM Red FM and an anti-8-oxoguanine antibody. Respiratory gas analysis was performed to investigate metabolism. Expression of an activated protein kinase was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of cluster of differentiation 36 and pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mice were orally administered TR, GSE, or their combination for 30 days, and then fatigue-related parameters, including lactate, blood urea nitrogen, and glycogen, were measured after forced swimming. RESULTS: TR and GSE reduced oxidative stress levels in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated L6 cells and enhanced the oxygen uptake and lipid metabolism in mice after acute exercise. After oral administration of TR or GSE for 30 days, the fatigue-related parameters did not change in mice. However, the mice administered GSE (400 mg/kg/day) alone for 30 days could swim longer than those from the other groups. Further, no synergistic effect was observed after the swimming exercise in mice treated with the TR and GSE combination for 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data suggest that TR and GSE may exert antifatigue effects in mice after acute exercise by enhancing oxygen uptake and lipid oxidation.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of LAB (Lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus) on detoxication of damaged liver in carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) and ethanol (25%)-treated rats. Rats had been daily (twice a day) pre-treated with saline (0.5 ml/kg: untreated group), $CCl_4$ (0.5 ml/kg: other groups) for 6 days. At seventh day, after treating rat with $CCl_4$ and then, mixture of LAB ($10^{11}$/0.5 ml: LAB group), saline (0.5 ml/kg: untreated group, $CCl_4$ group), and biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) (50 mg/kg: DDB group) were treated orally with $CCl_4$ for 8 days. Ethanol is treated as the same manner instead of $CCl_4$. To investigate the hepatoprotective effect, rats treated with $CCl_4$ and ethanol were analyzed with serum GOT and GPT level. The GOT and GPT levels of LAB group was lower than the level of $CCl_4$ and DDB group. Especially, compared with data of $CCl_4$ group, GPT activity showed statistically significant result in the significance level of p < 0.05. The LAB group treated with ethanol also showed lower level of GOT and GPT than the other control groups treated with ethanol. The triglyceride level of serum decreased more in a group treated special materials (DDB and LAB group) than ethanol group. As well, the effect of LAB on the antifatigue has been investigated. The animals (10/group) were divided into 4 groups (untreated group, Carrier group, Red-ginseng group, LAB group). Each group was given carrier (0.9 mg/0.2 ml), red ginseng extract (200 mg/kg), and mixture of LAB ($10^{11}$/0.2 ml). Special materials were given for three weeks. After finishing treating through oral, horizontal wire test, rotarod test, and forced swimming test were performed. The time of resistance to fatigue of the group, fed with mixture of LAB, was longer than the time when mice treated with red-ginseng that the effect was already revealed. The result of this study revealed that LAB could decrease hepatocelluar injury compared with rats treated orally with $CCl_4$ and ethanol, and could also decrease fatigue.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 1986

Ssangwhatang which has been known to have antipyretic, analgesic and antifatigue effects are composed of Paeoniae Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Astragali Radix, Rehmaniae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Cassiae Cortex, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Puerariae Radix. Effects of some formulations of Ssangwhatang were studied with respect to the analgesic, antipyretic, hypothermic, anticonvulsive and antiinflammatory actions in experimental animals. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Prescription A, B, C and D of Ssangwhatang were showed significant analgesic effect by the acetic acid stimulating method in mice. 2) All Ssangwhatang-prescriptions used in this studies had hypothermic effect in normal mice. 3) Significant antipyretic effect in febrile rabbits were recognized in prescription A and C of Ssangwhatang, while not in prescription B and D of Ssangwhatang. 4) Prescription A, B, C and D of Ssangwhatang showed marked antiinflammatory effect against the edema induced by carrageenin in rats. 5) Prescriptions of Ssangwhatang did not show significant anticonvulsive effect against the convulsion induced by picrotoxin and strychnine in mice. From the above results, analgesic, hypothermic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects were recognized in Ssangwhatang. Ssangwhatang A- and C- prescriptions added with Pueraiae Radix showed better effects than prescription B and C of Ssangwhatang.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.20-24
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• 2004

Antifatigue failure technology take an important the part of current industries. Currently, the shot peening is used for removing the defect from the surface of steel and improving the fatigue strength on surface. Therefore in this paper the effect of compressive residual stress by shot peening on fatigue crack growth characteristics in stress ratio(R=0.1, 0.3, 0.6)was investigated with considering fracture mechanics. There is difference between shot peening specimen and unpeening specimen. Fatigue crack growth rate of shot peening specimen was lower than that of unpeening specimen. Fatigue lift shows more improvement in the shot peening material than in the unpeening material. And compressive residual stress of surface on the shot peening processed operate resistance force of fatigue crack propagation. That is the constrained force about plasticity deformation was strengthened by resultant stress, which resulted from plasticity deformation and compressive residual stress in the process of fatigue crack propagation.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2007

Antifatigue failure technology take an important part of current industries. Currently, the shot peening is used for removing the defect from the surface of steel and improving the fatigue strength on surface. Therefore, this paper the effect of compressive residual stress and corrosion of spring steel(SAE 5155)by shot-peening on fatigue crack growth characteristics in stress ratio(R=0.05)was investigated with considering fracture mechanics. By using the methods mentioned above, We arrived at the following conclusions. The fatigue crack growth rate(da/dN) of the shot-peening material was lower than that of the un-peening material. And in stage I, ${\Delta}Kth$, the threshold stress intensity factor, of the shot-peen processed material is high in critical parts unlike the un-peening material. Also m, fatigue crack growth exponent and number of cycle of the shot-peening material was higher than that of the un-peening material. That is concluded from effect of da/dN. Finally fracture of shot-peening material and un-peening material was identified and discussed in this study.