• 셀메드
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.13.1-13.7
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• 2020

Arusa (Adhatoda vasica) is an important medicinal plant widely used in Unani system of medicine of (Family-Acanthaceae). The leaves of Adhatoda vasica contain several biologically active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics and flavonoids. It mainly consists of pyrroquinazoline, alkaloids, viz. vasicine, vasicol, vasicinone, peganine along with other minor constituents. The plant possesses diverse pharmacological activities, In Unani system of medicine, the drug is described as having dafa-e-tashannuj (anti-spasmodic), qatil-e-jarasim (antibiotic), mukhrij-e-balgham (expectorant), dafa-e-humma (antipyretic) properties due to which it is prescribed in a wide range of ailments like influenza, tuberculosis, bronchitis, gastric ulcers etc. Leaf juice is beneficial in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea. Various other activities like radio modulation, hypoglycaemic effect, cardiovascular protection, antitubercular, antiviral, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity have also been reported.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2010

Background: Sepsis still has a high mortality rate despite adequate supportive care. Newer therapeutic modalities have been developed but they have generally ended in failure. Recently, insulin was reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the $I{\kappa}B/NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway, and may have therapeutic potential in sepsis. However, the precise mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of insulin is unclear. This study examined the role of insulin in activating $I{\kappa}B/NF-{\kappa}B$ in macrophage. Methods: Raw 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, were used in this experiment. Western blotting using $I{\kappa}B$ Ab and phosphor-specific $I{\kappa}B$ Ab was performed to evaluate the degradation and phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B$ cells. For the $I{\kappa}B$ Kinase (IKK) activity, an immune complex kinase assay was performed. The level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by ELISA to determine the level of proinflammatory cytokine. Results: $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation began 30 min after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. However, an insulin pretreatment suppressed the $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation caused by the LPS treatment. The phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and IKK activity was also inhibited by the insulin pretreatment. Finally, the insulin pretreatment showed a tendency to suppress the induction of IL-6 by LPS. Conclusion: Insulin might have an anti-inflammatory effect though partial inhibition of the $I{\kappa}B/NF{\kappa}B$ pathway in macrophage cell lines.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.549-556
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• 2001

연구배경 : 세포성장에 관여하는 여러 growth factor중 IGF-I은 IGF-IR와 결합하여 세포증식을 유발하는 mitogen으로 알려져 있다. 대부분의 정상세포 및 암세포는 IGFBPs을 분비하는데 이들은 IGF-I과 결합하여 IGF-I의 세포증식 효과를 증가 혹은 억제시킨다. 마우스 폐암세포주 (3LL)에서 IGF-I이 세포성장에 미치는 효과를 보고, 3LL 세포에서 분비되는 IGFBP을 추출 확인하고, IGFBPs이 세포 성정에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 마우스 폐암세포주 (3LL)를 이용하여, IGF-I을 투여하여 세포성장을 MTT assay로 측정하였고, 3LL에서 분비되는 IGFBP을 추출하여 Western ligand blot 및 western immunoblot으로 확인하였다. 또한 분비된 IGFBP이 세포성장에 미치는 영향을 보기위해, anti-IGFBP antibody을 첨가하여 이의 기능을 억제하여 세포성장에 관한 기능을 관찰하였다. 결 과 : IGF-I은 serum free media에서 3LL 세포성장을 증가시켰다. 3LL 세포는 IGFBP-4를 생성하는 것을 확인하였고, anti-IGFBP-4 antibody를 첨가시 세포성장이 증가된 소견이 관찰되어 IGFBP-4는 세포증식을 억제하는 기능을 가지고 있음을 간접적으로 알 수 있었다. 결 론 : 이상의 실험 결과로 3LL 마우스 폐암세포에서 IGF-I은 세포성장을 증가시키며, 3LL에서 생성된 IGFBP-4는 세포증식을 억제하는 기능을 가지고 있다는 것을 관찰하였다. 향후 IGF-I과 IGFBPs이 암 성장에 미치는 기전과 임상적 적용에 대한 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2000

The root of Pseudostellaria heterophylla Pax et Hoffm. (Caryophyllaceae) is a herbal medicine called Taejasam(太子蔘) and used as a good tonic in China that strengthens the functions of the lung and the stomach like Ginseng in Korea. It has been known to have the antitussive activity for tuberculosis, appetizing effect and antifatigue activity, and so on. Especially it has been known to generate body fluids for the severe thirst and the shortage of water in body after a febrile disease for a long time. Recently some components of cyclic peptides, pseudostellarins A,B,C,D,E,F,G, that inhibit the activity of tyrosinase, were separated from this root. In this report several biological activities including acute toxicity, analgesic activity, antifatigue activity, bile juice increasing activity, hepatoprotective activity and antiinflammatory activity were investigated. These results showed as such; $LD_{50}$ of methanol extracts was above 10,000 mg/kg. The analgesic effect was revealed in the writhing test using rats. The BuOH fractions showed a prominent antifatigue effect against immobilized stress, significant hepatoprotective activities against $CCl_4$ intoxication and inhibitory effect on carrageenin-induced edema in rat's paw.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.50.1-50.12
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• 2022

Background: There is an urgent need to find reliable and rapid bovine tuberculosis (bTB) diagnostics in response to the rising prevalence of bTB worldwide. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes components of bTB and initiates antigen-presenting cells to mediate humoral immunity. Evaluating the affinity of antigens with TLR2 can form the basis of a new method for the diagnosis of bTB based on humoral immunity. Objectives: To develop a reliable and rapid strategy to improve diagnostic tools for bTB. Methods: In this study, we expressed and purified the sixteen bTB-specific recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. The two antigenic proteins, MPT70 and MPT83, which were most valuable for serological diagnosis of bTB were screened. Molecular docking technology was used to analyze the affinity of MPT70, MPT83, dominant epitope peptide of MPT70 (M1), and dominant epitope peptide MPT83 (M2) with TLR2, combined with the detection results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the molecular docking effect. Results: The results showed that interaction surface Cα-atom root mean square deviation of proteins (M1, M2, MPT70, MPT83)-TLR2 protein are less than 2.5 A, showing a high affinity. It is verified by clinical serum samples that MPT70, MPT83, MPT70-MPT83 showed good diagnostic potential for the detection of anti-bTB IgG and M1, M2 can replace the whole protein as the detection antigen. Conclusions: Molecular docking to evaluate the affinity of bTB protein and TLR2 combined with ELISA provides new insights for the diagnosis of bTB.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2024

Background: Missing isoniazid (INH) resistance during tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis can worsen the outcomes of INH-resistant TB. The BD MAX MDR-TB assay (BD MAX) facilitates the rapid detection of TB and INH and rifampin (RIF) resistance; however, data related to its performance in clinical setting remain limited. Moreover, its effect on treatment outcomes has not yet been studied. Methods: We compared the performance of BD MAX for the detection of INH/RIF resistances to that of the line probe assay (LPA) in patients with pulmonary TB (PTB), using the results of a phenotypic drug sensitivity test as a reference standard. The treatment outcomes of patients who used BD MAX were compared with those of patients who did not. Results: Of the 83 patients included in the study, the BD MAX was used for an initial PTB diagnosis in 39 patients. The sensitivity of BD MAX for detecting PTB was 79.5%. The sensitivity and specificity of BD MAX for INH resistance were both 100%, whereas these were 50.0% and 95.8%, respectively, for RIF resistance. The sensitivity and specificity of BD MAX were comparable to those of LPA. The BD MAX group had a shorter time interval from specimen request to the initiation of anti-TB drugs (2.0 days vs. 5.5 days, p=0.001). Conclusion: BD MAX showed comparable performance to conventional tests for detecting PTB and INH/RIF resistances. The implementation of BD MAX as a diagnostic tool for PTB resulted in a shorter turnaround time for the initiation of PTB treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.497-509
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• 2002

연구배경 : 대표적 세포내 감염질환인 결핵에 대한 숙주의 방어기전 및 면역반응은 아직도 정확히 이해되지 못하고 있으며 이러한 병리기전을 연구하기 위하여서는 적절한 감염모델이 필요하다. 전혈 (whole blood)은 체액성 면역과 세포성 면역을 모두 포함한 생체의 상태를 반영하므로 다양한 대상에서 면역상태의 차이에 따른 개체간 결핵균 살균력의 차이를 비교 할 수 있는 적절한 모델로 추정된다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 인체의 결핵균 전혈 배양모델을 개발하여 궁극적으로 시험관내에서 숙주면역의 정도를 측정하는 대리 표지자를 개발하고자하는 것이다. 방 법 : PPD 양성 정상인을 대상으로 제대혈, 결핵환자, 당뇨 및 폐암환자와 비교하였다. 전혈을 희석하여 결핵균 Mycobacterium avium과 M. tuberculosis $H_{37}Ra$에 낮은 감염률로 감염시키고 $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ 배양기 속의 회전교반기에서 회전시키면서 배양(rotating culture) 하였다. 배양 1 일, 3일 및 4일 뒤 증류수로 긴장저하용해 시킨 후 Middlebrook 7H10/OADC 평판배지에서 결핵균 집락이 형성될 때까지 3-4주간 $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ 배양기에 배양하여 집락수를 계산하였다. 일부실험에서 TNF-${\alpha}$의 분비능을 90%이상 감소시키 기 위하여 methylpredmsolone과 pentoxifylline을 첨가하여 면역조정을 하였으며, CD4+ T-림프구와 CD8+ T-림프구를 magnetic bead에 코팅된 단클론 항체를 사용하여 제거하였다. 결핵균의 수는 용해질 $m{\ell}$ 당 CFU로 계산하였다. 살균력은 ${\Delta}$ log killing ratio로 표시하였다. ${\Delta}$ logKR=$log_{10}$(Final CFU/Initial CFU). 결 과 : 1. 제대혈의 결핵균 살균력이 PPD 양성 대조군에 비하여 다소 감소된 경향을 보였으며, 결핵환자의 결핵균 살균력은 PPD 양성 대조군과 특별한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 당뇨군과 폐암군의 결핵균 살균력도 정상 대조군에 비하여 특별한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. Methylprednisolone과 pentoxyfylline을 사용한 면역조정 시에 제대혈, PPD 양성 정상 대조군과 결핵군 모두에서 전혈에서의 결핵균의 살균력이 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 3. CD4+ 및 CD8+ T-림프구 삭제시 log KR가 증가되어 유의하게 결핵균 살균력이 감소되었으며 CD4+ 및 CD8+ T-림프구 동시 삭제시 현저한 상승효과를 보였고 이러한 결과는 Mycobacterium avium보다는 독력이 없는 균인 Mycobacterium tuberculosis $H_{37}Ra$에서 보다 뚜렷하였다. 4. 폐결핵 치료후의 결핵균 살균력은 치료 전과 비교하여 유의하게 ${\Delta}$ logKR가 감소하였으며, 배양 3-4일에도 현저한 결핵균 증식의 억제를 보였다. 결 론 : 인체의 결핵균에 대한 감수성인 개체간의 면역상태를 전혈에서 결핵균 살균력을 통하여 비교할 수는 없었다. 그러나 인체 전혈 모델은 간단하고 임상경과 관찰이 쉬우며 결핵환자에서 치료 전과 후에 현저한 결핵균 살균력의 차이를 보이므로, 최근 결핵연구의 가장 중요한 과제의 하나인 백신 개발에서 그 성과를 판단하는 vaccine trial에 이용할 수 있을 가능성을 시사한다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제34권4호통권135호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

We evaluated the anti-arthritic effect of a new diet-supplement product containing red ginseng, glucosamine, shark cartilage, ascorbic acid and manganese chloride for the relieving arthritic symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (250 and 500 mg/kg), glucosamine (240 mg/kg) and shark cartilage (240 mg/kg) were tested individually on vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Glucosamine and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of vascular permeability by 29.6 and 32.9%, respectively. Red ginseng (500 mg/kg) and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hr. The supplement (red ginseng mixture: RGM) composed of red ginseng (43.5%), glucosamine (25.0%), shark cartilage (25.0%), ascorbic acid (5.0%) and manganese chloride (1.5%) was prepared and its inhibitory activities including vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema were comparable to anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac and ibuprofen. It was also tested on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats as one of chronic arthritic tests and Randall-Selitto assay as an analgesic test. RGM showed the inhibition against the swelling of rat paws induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. Determination of cytokines of the sera sampled from arthritis-induced animals indicated that RGM increased the levels of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and interleukin-6, representing the immunostimulatory effect by red ginseng. RGM treatment moderately reduced the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support that RGM can be applicable for the improvement of arthritic as a new diet-supplement.

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2020

The extract of Cudrania tricuspidata is used in ethnomedicine throughout Eastern Asia in China, Korea and Japan. In Korean traditional medicine, Cudrania tricuspidata has been used to treat eczema, mumps, tuberculosis, contusions, insomnia and acute arthritis. In addition, it has been reported that root extract of Cudrania tricuspidata has anti-platelet effects. Therefore, we investigated which compound in Cudrania tricuspidata has inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. In this study, we tried to explain the inhibitory mechanism of steppogenin from Cudrania tricuspidata on human platelet aggregation. Collagen-induced human platelet aggregation and [Ca²⁺]_i mobilization were dose-dependently inhibited by steppogenin and we determined the inhibition by steppogenin is due to the down regulation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase(ERK) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type I(IP₃RI) phosphorylation. In addition, steppogenin inhibited collagen-induced fibronectin adhesion to αIIb/β3 and thromboxane A₂ generation. Thus, in the present study, steppogenin showed an inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, suggesting its potential use for preventing platelet-induced cardiovascular disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.175-182
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• 1997

Several stresses are known to induce synthesis of heat shock protein The present study was performed to see whether pulmonary ischemia, induced by the bronchial artery occlusion, produced HSP70 in cat lung. To This aim, we compared experimental and control groups of cats with respect to the HSP70 production in the lung. Experimental animals were subjected to 10-min bronchial artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. The interval between the end of the occlusion and the end of the reperfusion was 1 hour, 4 hours and 8 hours, whereas control animal was not subjected 10 any manipulation except anesthesia. According to the interval differences, experimental animals were divided into 1HR, 4HRs and 8HRs groups. To determine The induction of HSP70 in each group, total proteins of lung tissues were extracted and separated by PAGE electrophoresis. Immunoblotting with a mouse monoclonal anti -HSP70 IgG antibody revealed that HSP70 was not detected in the pulmonary tissues resected from control, 1HR or 4HRs groups. In contrast. HSP70 expression in 8HRs group was marked. These results suggest that pulmonary ischemia by the bronchial artery occlusion produces HSP70 in a delayed manner.