• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6208-6214
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• 2012

The most essential but missing components to understand and use toxic substances from marine microalgae are developing the fast, easy and economical determining technology for detecting it. In this paper we produced the antibodies against saxitoxin (STX). Mariculture keyhole limpet hemocyanin (mcKLH) and ovalbumin (OVA) were used as carrier proteins. mcKLH-STX conjugates were injected into the peritonial cavity of BALB/c mouse for immunization. After bleeding from mouse, anti-STX antiserum was isolated. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was performed to determine antiserum titer using the microtiter plate coated with free STX and OVA-STX. A goat anti-mouse IgG-phosphatase conjugate was used as secondary antibody to enable chromogenic reaction. Reactions of anti-STX antiserum were very specific on the OVA-STX and free STX. Sensitivity of anti-STX antiserum on STX was very high and STX detection limit was to be 64.9 ng/kg for indirect ELISA.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of the local use of egg yolk immunoglobulin against Porphyromonas gingivalis (anti-P.g. IgY) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial involving 60 systematically healthy patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. Subjects (n=20/group) were randomly assigned to receive SRP combined with subgingival irrigation of anti-P.g. IgY and anti-P.g. IgY mouthwash, subgingival irrigation of 0.2% chlorhexidine and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash, or subgingival irrigation of placebo and placebo mouthwash for 4 weeks. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and the plaque index were evaluated at baseline and at 4 weeks. Subgingival plaque, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva were simultaneously collected for microbiological analysis. Results: Our results showed that anti-P.g. IgY mouthwash was as effective as chlorhexidine at improving clinical parameters over a 4-week period. All the groups showed a significant reduction in levels of P.g. at 4 weeks. No significant difference was observed in the test group when compared to placebo regarding the reduction in the levels of P.g. Anti-P.g. IgY significantly suppressed the numbers of red complex bacteria (RCB) in subgingival plaque and saliva in comparison with placebo. No adverse effects were reported in any of the subjects. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, the present investigation showed that passive immunization with anti-P.g. IgY may prove to be effective in the treatment of chronic periodontitis due to its ability to improve clinical parameters and to reduce RCB. No significant differences were found between the anti-P.g. IgY and placebo groups in the reduction of P.g.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.235-241
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• 2021

Sogunjung-tang (SGJT) is traditional herbal prescriptions used to treat abdominal pain. In this study, we evaluated the effect on inflammation and gastritis through SGJT formulation development. SGJT composition herbal medicine was boiled in water at 95~100℃ for 3 hours and then concentrated. Sogunjung-tang mix soft extract (STM) was prepared using pharmaceutical excipients such as purified water, sodium benzoate, β-cyclodextrin and CMC-Na. Anti-inflammatory experiment was conducted using STM and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells. Cell survival was measured by MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured using griess reagents, and pro inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and RT-PCR. Also, we verified STM validity in acute gastritis using the ICR mouse. STM was administered oral for three days. And 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol was oral administered 0.5 mL one hour after the last drug administration. Mice were sacrificed 1 hour after 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol administration. The gastric mucosa was visually observed. STM were not toxic in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of STM inhibited the production of NO and inflammatory cytokine at the protein and mRNA levels. Also, in the acute gastritis model with the mouse, the treatment of STM improved gastric mucosal bleeding and edema. In summary, it was confirmed that the treatment of STM exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects. Therefore, we suggest that STM may provide a preclinical evidence for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and gastritis diseases.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2015

Our previous study demonstrated that yuzu has an anti-platelet effect in rat blood. In the present study, we examined whether the anti-platelet effect of yuzu can be extended to human blood by investigating its ability to inhibit aggregations induced by various agonists in human platelet rich plasma (PRP). This study also investigated the underlying mechanism of yuzu focusing on ADP granule secretion, $TXB_2$ formations, and $PLC{\gamma}$/Akt signaling. The results from this study showed that ethanolic yuzu extract (YE), and its components, hesperidin and naringin, inhibited human platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. YE, hesperidin and naringin also inhibited $TXB_2$ formation and ADP release. The phosphorylation of $PLC{\gamma}$ and Akt was significantly inhibited by YE, heperidin and naringin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that YE, heperidin and naringin has anti-platelet effects in rat ex vivo studies, and lower side effects in mice tail bleeding time studies. The results from this study suggest that YE, hesperidin and naringin can inhibit human platelet aggregation, at least partly through the inhibition of $PLC{\gamma}$ and Akt, leading to a decrease in $TXB_2$ formation and granule secretion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2000

Mefenamic acid has been widely used as clinical drug for anti-inflammatory and analgesic. This drug was known to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen and indomethacin. Although the drugs which comprise this group are of diverse chemical structures, they all share the antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions which are characteristic of aspirin. Action of this drugs is caused by inhibitory effect of biosynthesis of prostaglandin that are synthesized from arachidonic acid via the endoperoxide biosynthesis pathway, the initial step of which is catalysed by cyclooxygenase. Mefenamic acid has more potent inhibitory action of prostaglandin biosynthesis than aspirin. Therefore, mefenamic acid is expected to have anticoagulant activity as aspirin-like drugs. This study was carried out to investigate the sinthesis of mefenamic acid derivatives from mefenamic acid and aromatic compound of antioxidant and its antioxidative and anticoagulant activities. Synthesis of mefenamic acid derivatives was conformed by conjugation as using esterification method. Biological activities was examined using effect of anticoagulant on bleeding time and effect of antioxidant by TBA method. As a result, SJ-202 showed strong antioxidative activity and anticoagulant activity among tested 4 compounds and exhibited similar activity to aspirin at anticoagulant activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 2011

Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense (CJ) is used as a folk medicine for diuretic, arthritis, dyspepsia, and bleeding in Korea. Until now, more than fifteen kinds of CJ were identified and among them, Cirsium japonicum var. nakaianum Nakai was selected as experimental material. Both that from The Medical Herb Garden of Seoul National University located at Gayang-dong, Koyang city and native that from a hillock near Dangjin, Chungnam were collected and analyzed to determine whether it is varied in efficacy on their habitats. Extracts and fractions of CJ had a strong effect of antibacterial activity on H. pylori and antioxidant effects. And the CJ from Garden and Dangjin were showed to be more efficient in acute gastritis through the HCl${\cdot}$ethanol-induced gastric lesion test and chronic gastritis through the indomethacin-induced gastric lesion test, respectively. This study proved that the effects of CJ are varied by their habitats. Also, these results suggest that the CJ has potentials for use as functional food and medicine.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.85-87
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• 2010

Recently, the prevalence of bladder cancer is increasing in the Korean society. As the risk factors of bladder carcinoma are variable, the early-stage diagnosis is regarded the best preventive practice. Hematuria is a specific sign of the malignancy as well as a kind of various medication-related adverse reactions. Some anti-coagulation therapy can cause bleedings including hematuria to the patients with cardiovascular diseases such as paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Therefore, to the clinical pharmacists working in the anti-coagulation services (ACS), a closer monitoring of patients can give an opportunity to find certain ailments unexpectedly. In this case, a patient with PAF had episodes of sporadic hematuria in the course of warfarin therapy even though with its low levels of INR. An ACS pharmacist found a discrepancy between the bleeding symptoms and INR values, and recommended properly the patient to refer urologist. Fortunately, an early-stage of bladder carcinoma was found then followed by an excision performed to the lesion. Therefore, alert-minded and precise monitoring done by ACS pharmacist could optimize the therapeutic outcomes as well as increase the quality of life of the patient.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.108-120
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• 2020

From the perspective of the definition of pain, pain can be divided into emotional and sensory components, which originate from potential and actual tissue damage, respectively. The pharmacologic treatment of the emotional pain component includes antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. The anti-anxiety drugs have anti-anxious, sedative, and somnolent effects. The antipsychotics are effective in patients with positive symptoms of psychosis. On the other hand, the sensory pain component can be divided into nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are usually applied for somatic and visceral nociceptive pain, respectively; anticonvulsants and antidepressants are administered for the treatment of neuropathic pain with positive and negative symptoms, respectively. The NSAIDs, which inhibit the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects; however, they have a therapeutic ceiling. The adverse reactions (ADRs) of the NSAIDs include gastrointestinal problems, generalized edema, and increased bleeding tendency. The opioids, which bind to the opioid receptors, present an analgesic effect only, without anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, or ceiling effects. The ADRs of the opioids start from itching and nausea/vomiting to cardiovascular and respiratory depression, as well as constipation. The anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, related to sodium channel blockade, and gabapentin and pregabalin, related to calcium blockade. The antidepressants show their analgesic actions mainly through inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine. Most drugs, except NSAIDs, need an updose titration period. The principle of polypharmacy for analgesia in case of mixed components of pain is increasing therapeutic effects while reducing ADRs, based on the origin of the pain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-108
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• 2010

Objective : Thujae Orientalis Folium (TOF) can cool the blood and stop bleeding, eliminate phlegm and relieve cough in Oriental medicine. In addition, the fresh is used alone externally. Recently, TOF is known to have anti-tumor component. And also known to have tyrosinase inhibitory effect. Method : For these reasons, this study was designed to investigate anti-cancer and whitening activities of TOF. In this experiment, effects of TOF on proliferation rates of melanoma cells and on changes in genetic profiles were investigated. The genetic profile for the effect on human derived melanoma cell, SK-MEL-2, was measured using microarray technique, and the functional analysis on these genes was conducted. Results : Total 541 genes were up-regulated and 1,079 genes down-regulated in cells treated with TOF. Genes induced by TOF were mainly concerned with anti-cancer effects and apoptosis. Genes suppresed by TOF were related in extracellular signalling pathway. The network of total protein interactions was measured using cytoscape program, and some key molecules, such as THAP1, MAX1, STAM2, SMAD6, CYCS, PEX5, PSEN1, NONO, MAP2K7 and CREB1 that can be used for elucidation of therapeutical mechanism of medicine in future were identified. Conculusion : These results suggest possibility of TOF as anti-cancer drug for human melanoma. In addition, the present author also suggest that related mechanisms are involved in inhibition of several cancer pathway, activation of apoptosis pathway and suppression of general metabolic pathway.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2016

Objectives : Phyllostachys Folium is leaves of Phyllostachys nigra var. henesis $S_{TAPF}$. In the East Asian traditional medicine, the herb has been used to treat nasal bleeding, dysuria, epilepsy and etc. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Phyllostachys Folium water extracts (PFE) in vitro and in vivo model. Methods : Cell viability was measured by MTT assay after the treatment of PFE and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. iNOS, COX-2, $I{\kappa}B$, $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ amd $NF{\kappa}B$ were detected by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich ELISA kit. Anti-edema effect of PFE was determined in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : LPS increased NO and cytokines levels compared with control, these increases were attenuated by PFE. In addition, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, COX-2 were down regulated by PFE. These anti-inflammatory effect of PFE results from inhibition of phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B$ and translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Conclusion : These results show that PFE has some anti-inflammatory effects which might play a role in gram-negative bacterial infection inflammation and $NF{\kappa}B$ activated diseases.