• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2012

Recent development of 3D technologies made it possible that observers perceive 3D depth from two dimensional images. Despite this kind of technological development, when observers watch 3D display they experience 3D visual fatigue that they do not usually experience in real life. It is critical to measure visual fatigue in order to overcome the problem of 3D visual fatigue. The purpose of the present study was to develop a protocol to measure 3D visual fatigue based on an EEG signal and to examine its validity. The first experiment explored the possible ERP components that reflected visual fatigue in 2D and 3D conditions. The second experiment examined whether the feature of the component found in the first experiment was affected by the amount of binocular disparity. Both in Cz and Pz channels, the peak amplitude of P3 component was much lower in 3D rather than in 2D conditions, and it decreased as the amount of binocular disparity increased. The subjective 3D visual fatigue also increased with the amount of binocular disparity. These results imply that the peak amplitude of P3 component at Cz and Pz channels can be used as an index of 3D visual fatigue.

• Kosin Medical Journal
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.369-379
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• 2018

Objectives: Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been used as a measure of cardiac autonomic function. According to the pNN50 statistic, the percentage of differences between successive normal RR intervals (RRI) that exceed 50 ms, has been known to reflect cardiac vagal modulation. Relatively little is known about the validity of pNN50 during general anesthesia (GA). Therefore, we evaluated the correlation of pNN50 with other variables such as HF, RMSSD, SD1 of HRV reflecting the vagal tone, and examined the validity of pNN50 in anesthetized patients. Methods: We assessed changes in RRI, pNN50, root mean square of successive differences of RRI (RMSSD), high frequency (HF) and standard deviation 1 (SD1) of $Poincar{\acute{e}}$ plots after GA using sevoflurane anesthesia. We also calculated the probability distributions for the family of pNNx statistics (x: 2-50 ms). Results: All HRV variables were significantly decreased during GA. HF power was not correlated with pNN50 during GA (r = 0.096, P = 0.392). Less than pNN47 was shown to have a correlation with other variables. Conclusions: These data suggest that pNN50 can not reflect the level of vagal tone during GA.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.56-71
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the article using an IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit) for measuring the cervical range of motion and to evaluate the feasibility of using an IMU for measuring the cervical range of motion. Method: Scopus was used to search for the articles relating to the inclusion criteria. Which is measuring the cervical range of motion using an IMU. A total of 15 articles were selected through discussion. Degree and the reliability of the cervical range of motion and the validity of the data within the articles were extracted. Results: The measurement of the cervical range of motion using an IMU were $92.25^{\circ}$ to $138.2^{\circ}$, $122.4^{\circ}$ to $154.9^{\circ}$, $73.75^{\circ}$ to $93.1^{\circ}$ on the sagittal plane, transverse plane, and coronal plane respectively. 38 of the 43 values showed good reliability. They were larger than 0.75. 5 of the 43 values showed reliability less than 0.75. They were measured by smart phone. 16 of the 21 values showed good validity. The remaining 5 were measured by smart phone. The lower reliability and validity of smart phone were related to the protocol. The IMU can measure the coupling motion and may be used in various situations. Conclusion: The IMU may become a gold standard for measuring the cervical range of motion. The IMU measured not only the cervical range of motion but also the coupling motion. Furthermore, IMU may be used in various situations. Therefore, IMU must be considered a valuable measurement device.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.39-57
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was to develop a measurement scale that explains aggressive regulation behavior of middle school student, based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The basic items were modified by selecting 41 items of middle school student aggressive behavior measurement scale. Through the content validity test, 63 first preliminary question items and 42 second preliminary question items were developed. The participants were 286 middle school students. The collected data were analyzed using content validity, correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and Cronbach α. Results: In this study, it was proved that the most important variable showing aggressive regulation behavior was aggressive regulation intention. This study was composed of 4 factors for direct measurement(attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavior intention) and 5 factors for indirect measurement(behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluation, normative beliefs, motivation to comply, control beliefs). The total variance was 65.4% and 67.6%, respectively, and the reliability was .90, .82. Finally, 42 questions were developed. Conclusion: We found the questionnaire used in this study was valid and reliable as a measure scale to explain the aggressive regulation behavior of middle school student based on TPB. Therefore, it is concluded that the aggressive regulation behavior scale could be a useful scale for the measurement of the aggressive regulation behavior of middle school student.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.164-175
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop the 'Kkondae Scale' and verify its validity. For this purpose, three constructive concepts (attribution error, cognitive rigidity, and one-way communication) were derived through expert interviews, prior research and literature analysis, and 15 preliminary questions were selected. In addition, a preliminary scale was developed by modifying or adding items to conform to each constructive concept through expert content validity evaluation. Next, as a result of the exploratory factor analysis of about 250 adults, a three-factor structure model was derived. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis on the preliminary scale for about 401 adults, it was confirmed that the fit of the three-factor structure was good. As a result of convergence and discriminatory validity analysis, it was confirmed that the developed scale was a valid tool to measure Kkondae by showing appropriate correlations with listening attitude, empathy, acceptance of others, and intellectual humility. Finally, based on the results of this study, the significance, limitations, and future research direction of the study were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.345-368
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to develop the School Multicultural Climate(SMC) scale for students and to evaluate its reliability and validity. This study comprises of both qualitative and quantitative research. Preliminary items were developed based on the theoretical literature and interviews with students. The scale was evaluated with students in grades 4 through 6 in the seven elementary schools. Exploratory factor analysis was determined that the scale was composed of four components: Equal Status, Mutual Cooperation, Friendly Relations, Supportive Norms. The scale demonstrated that Cronbach's alpha=.943 for the internal consistency of total items. And the standard error of the measurement, another way of evaluating reliability, was 3.33. Criteria-related validity was evaluated by showing that the differences of the students' recognition of the school multicultural climate level, which depend on the availability of the multiculture-related policy, was statistically significant. The correlation analysis for the convergent validity was performed with the theoretically related variables such as self esteem and school adjustment. It was found that the SMC scale was a reliable and valid measure for evaluating the multicultural climate level of elementary school.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.560-569
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure family resilience for Korean families with a chronically ill child, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. Method: The items of instruments used based on the researchers' previous study of concept analysis of Korean family resilience. Nineteen item scales were developed with five domains. In order to test reliability and validity of the scale, data were collected from 231 families, who had a child with a chronic illness. Data was collected between August and September of 2001 in a 3rd level University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. Result: The results were as follows: As a result of the item analysis, 19 items were selected from the total of 37 items, excluding items with low correlation with the total scale. Five factors were evolved by factor analysis, which explained 56.4% of the total variance. The first factor 'Family strength' explained 28.5%, 2nd factor 'Family maturity' 8.7%, 3rd factor 'The ability to use of external resources' 7.0%, 4th factor 'Control' 6.6%, 5th factor 'The driving force for finance' 5.7%. The attributes in these factors were different with those identified by concept analysis of the family resilience in Korean families from the previous study. Cronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient of this scale was .8039 and Guttman spilt- half coefficient was .8184. Conclusion: The study support the reliability and validity of the scale. Because the main concept of family resilience was family strength, there were distinct differences in dimensions of family functioning scales.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.5102-5109
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• 2011

The purpose of the this study was to identify validity and reliability of the Korean version of the London Handicap Scale (K-LHS) measuring participation restriction for stroke survivors within outpatient rehabilitation setting. 54 stroke patients participated. The reliability was good with a Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and intraclass correlation coefficient of .791 and .983, respectively. The results of exploratory factor analysis was that the K-LHS was constructed two factors and explanation power was 72.32%. There are significant correlation between K-MBI and subitems of K-LHS (r=-.454 ~ -.819)(p<.01), except economic item. Because the K-LHS seems to be a valid and reliable, thus, it is considered to be appropriate as a tool to measure participation restriction of stroke patients in clinical practice.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop an instrument to measure coping in emergency situations. Methods: The process included construction of a conceptual framework, generation 60 primary items, verification of construct validity and extraction of final items. The.60 preliminary items were reviewed for content validity by seven experts and were tested to evaluate inter-item correlation coefficient by three groups of elementary school students. From November 1 to December 10, 2008, data were collected from 920 elementary school students according to residential characters (major city, small town, rural area). Item analysis, factor analysis with rotation Varimax and Cronbach's alpha were used to analyze the data. Results: 1) There were 45 items in the final instrument categorized into 8 factors. 2) The factors were labeled as "Call for help and check" (8 items), "Care for common symptoms" (6 items), "Appropriate response for the situation" (5 items), "Evacuation" (6 items), "Care for tissue damage" (8 items), "Care for injury by heat, cold or foreign body" (6 items), "Offer help" (4 items) and "Rescue & escape" (2 items). 3) Cumulative percent of variance was 53.10% and eigen values ranged from 1.04 to 13.38. 4) Cronbach's alpha for the total was .943 and ranged from .527 to .869. Conclusion: Validity and reliability of the scale are confirmed in this study showing its utility for measuring coping in emergency situations with elementary school students. Utilization of the scale will also contribute to designing appropriate coping education programs for elementary school students.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2022

Objective: Although, digital models have recently been used in orthodontic clinics, physical models are still needed for a multitude of reasons. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the printed models can replace the plaster models by evaluating their accuracy in reproducing intermaxillary relationships and by appraising the clinicians' ability to measure the printed models. Methods: Twenty sets of patients' plaster models with well-established occlusal relationships were selected. Models were scanned using an intraoral scanner (Trios 3, 3Shape Dental System) by a single operator. Printed models were made with ZMD-1000B light-curing resin using the stereolithography method 3-dimensional printer. Validity, reliability, and reproducibility were evaluated using measurements obtained by three operators. Results: In evaluation of validity, all items showed no significant differences between measurements taken from plaster and printed models. In evaluation for reliability, significant differences were found in the distance between the gingival zeniths of #23-#33 (DZL_3) for the plaster models and at #17-#43 (DZCM_1) for the printed models. In evaluation for reproducibility, the plaster models showed significant differences between operators at midline, and printed models showed significant differences at 7 measurements including #17-#47 (DZR_7). Conclusions: The validity and reliability of intermaxillary relationships as determined by the printed model were clinically acceptable, but the evaluation of reproducibility revealed significant inter-operator differences. To use printed models as substitutes for plaster models, additional studies on their accuracies in measuring intermaxillary relationship are required.