• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2019

Objective of this study was to develop an organic fertilizer utilizing domestic livestock horn meal and to investigate the application effect of rice and eggplant. The possibility of utilization of livestock horn meal as an organic resource to replace imported expeller cake fertilizer was examined. In order to select domestic organic resources with high nitrogen content, 8 kinds of organic matter such as chicken manure, fish meal, soybean meal, sesame meal, perilla meal, blood meal, livestock horn meal, and beer sludge were analyzed and organic resources with high nitrogen content were selected. In addition, the conditions for the production of organic fertilizers that can be used in organic agriculture were established by mixing of the rice husk biochar and the rice bran as the supplements with the raw materials for mixing ratios. The content of total nitrogen (T-N) in the livestock horn meal was 12.0 %, which was the next low in 13.5 % blood meal. The content of total nitrogen was 5.9 ~ 7.9 % in fish meal and oil cakes. Total nitrogen content of non-antibiotic chicken manure for organic farming was 3 % and nitrogen content in beer sludge was 3.5 %. Organic fertilizer was produced by using biochar, rice bran as a main ingredient of non-antibiotic chicken manure, livestock horn meal and beer sludge. Compared to nitrogen content (4.0 to 4.2 %) of imported expeller cake fertilizer (ECF), the nitrogen content of organic fertilizer utilizing domestic livestock horn meal is as high as 7.5 %. The developed organic fertilizer is met as Zn 400 mg/kg, Cu 120 mg/kg the quality of organic agricultural materials such as or less. To investigate the effect of fertilizer application on the crops, prototypes of developed organic fertilizer were used for the experiment under selected conditions. As a result of application the developed organic livestock horn meal fertilizer (LHMF) for cultivation of the rice and eggplant, the application quantity of the developed organic LHMF 100 % was decreased by 40 % compared to that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer (MECF). The application of LHMF, which refers to the application rate corresponding to the nitrogen fertilization recommended by the soil test, was reduced by 40% compared to the application rate of MECF, but the same results were obtained in crop growth and yield. The selection of a new high concentration nitrogen source utilizing domestic organic resources and the development of organic fertilizer is the starting point of the research for substitution of imported ECF using domestic local resources at the present time that the spread of eco-friendly agriculture is becoming increasingly important. If it is expanded in the future, it is expected to contribute to the stable production of eco-friendly agricultural products.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.257-290
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• 2005

Korean energy use in industrial sector has increased more rapidly than other sectors during 1980~2000 periods. Relatively higher increases in industrial sector energy consumption raise questions whether government policy of rationalization of industrial energy use has been effective. In this study, we use 80-85-90 and 90-95-00 constant price input-output table to analyze increases in industrial energy use. Using an adjusted version of structural decomposition model introduced by Chen and Rose (1990), we decompose Changes of energy use into 17 elements. We classify entire industry sector into 32 sectors including four energy sectors (coal and coal products, refined petroleum, electricity and town gas). We then analyze changes of energy use by industrial level to check differences among industrial energy demand structures. Finally, we compare three industries, electronic product manufacturing, metal manufacturing and construction, that represent technology and capital intensive, energy and material intensive and labor and capital intensive industry. As results, we find that high energy using industries make the most effort to reduce energy use. Primary metal, petrochemical and mon-metal industries show improvements in elements such as energy and material productivity, energy and material imports, energy substitution and material substitutions towards energy saving. These results imply that although those industries are heavy users of energy, they put the best effort to reduce energy use relative to other industries. We find various patterns of change in industrial energy use at industrial level. To reduce energy use, electronic product manufacturing industry needs more effort to improve technological change element while construction industry needs more effort to improve material input structure element.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 1996

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), acetylcholine (ACh) and KCl caused a dose dependent contraction in muscle cells enzymatically digested from cat gallbladder. Maximal contraction was obtained at concentration of $10^{-9}M$ for CCK-8, $10^{-5}M$ for ACh and 20mM for KCl. CCK-8 induced contraction was unaffected in calcium free physiological salt solution (PSS) and was completely blocked by strontium substitution for calcium (p<0.001). In contrast, KCl evoked contraction was blocked in calcium free PSS (p<0.01) but was unaffected by strontium replacement of calcium. The contraction elicited by ACh was only slightly reduced in calcium free PSS (p<0.05) and was unaltered by strontium. Muscle cells permeabilized with saponin contracted in response to inositol 1,4.5-trisphosphate $(IP_3)$ and CCK-8. The contraction was blocked by the calmodulin antagonist CGS 9343B (p<0.001), whereas heparin completely blocked the effect of $IP_3$ (p<0.001). The protein kinase C (PKC) antagonist H7 had no effect on either agonist. We conclude that CCK-8 induced gallbladder muscle contraction is mediated by $IP_3$ dependent intracellular calcium release from intracellular stores and a calmodulin dependent pathway; ACh may utilize both extracellular and intracellular calcium. KCl causes muscle contracrion through influx of extracellular calcium and a calmodulin independent machanism.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2006

The sulphur spinel $FeCr_{2-x}M_xS_4$(M=Ga, In) have been studied with Mossbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer. The XRB patterns for samples $FeCr_{2-x}M_xS_4$(M=Ga, In: x=0.1, 0.3) reveal a single phase, which the Ga and In ions are partially occupied to the tetrahedral (A) site. The Neel temperature for the Ga substituted samples increases from 180 to 188 K, with increase from x=0.1 to 0.3. While, it decreases from 173 to 160 K, for the In substituted samples of the x=0.1 and 0.3, respectively. The Mossbauer spectra were collected from 4.2 K to room temperature. We have analyzed the Mossbauer spectra using eight Lorentzian lines fitting method for the $FeCr_{2-x}In_xS_4$(x=0.1) at 4.2 K, yielding the 1311owing results; $H_{hf}=146.0kOe,\;{\Delta}E_Q=1.88mm/s,\;\theta=36^{\circ},\;\phi=0^{\circ},\;\eta=0.6$, and R=1.9. The Ga ions enter into the both sites octahedral (B) and tetrahedral (A), simultaneously the same amounts of Fe ions migrate from the A to the B site, this result is an agreement with XRD results, too. The ${\Delta}E_Q$ of the A and B site in Mossbauer spectra of the samples $FeCr_{2-x}Ga_xS_4$(x=0.3) are 0.83 and 2.94mm/s, respectively. While they are 0.56 and 2.36mm/s for the $FeCr_{2-x}In_xS_4$(x=0.3). It is noticeable that the ${\Delta}E_Q$ for the Ga doped samples are larger than that of the corresponding In doped samples, in spite of the larger ionic radius for In ions. The bond lengths of Cr-S, for the Ga and In doped samples (x=0.3) are found to be 2.41 and $2.43\;{\AA}$, respectively. We interpret that the larger covalence effect from the smaller bond length induces a large asymmetric charge distribution. Finally, it gives a large quadrupole interaction.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

I. Purpose In special cases of Total Body Irradiation(TBI), Half Body Irradiation(HBI), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, E-Wing's sarcoma, lymphosarcoma and neuroblastoma a large field can be used clinically. The dose distribution of a large field can use the measurement result which gets from dose distribution of a small field (standard SSD 100cm, size of field under $40{\times}40cm2$) in the substitution which always measures in practice and it will be able to calibrate. With only the method of simple calculation, it is difficult to know the dose and its uniformity of actual body region by various factor of scatter radiation. II. Method & Materials In this study, using Multidata Water Phantom from standard SSD 100cm according to the size change of field, it measures the basic parameter (PDD,TMR,Output,Sc,Sp) From SSD 180cm (phantom is to the bottom vertically) according to increasing of a field, it measures a basic parameter. From SSD 350cm (phantom is to the surface of a wall, using small water phantom. which includes mylar capable of horizontal beam's measurement) it measured with the same method and compared with each other. III. Results & Conclusion In comparison with the standard dose data, parameter which measures between SSD 180cm and 350cm, it turned out there was little difference. The error range is not up to extent of the experimental error. In order to get the accurate data, it dose measures from anthropomorphous phantom or for this objective the dose measurement which is the possibility of getting the absolute value which uses the unlimited phantom that is devised especially is demanded. Additionally, it needs to consider ionization chamber use of small volume and stem effect of cable by a large field.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 2009

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a plasma lipoprotein in mammals and plays an important role in the transport and metabolism of lipids such as phospholipids and triglycerides. Therefore, the APOE gene could be a candidate gene controlling lipid metabolism in beef cattle. This study was performed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the APOE gene and to investigate the effects of SNP genotype on the carcass traits such as meat quantity and quality in Korean cattle. For PCR amplification, pooled DNA made from unrelated 60 individuals was prepared and primer pairs were designed based on the cDNA sequence of exon 4 region of the bovine APOE gene. A SNP was identified at position 2034 (T/C substitution) of the exon 4 region in the APOE gene. PCR-RFLP procedure with restriction enzyme ACC I was developed for determining the SNP genotype for each of a total of 309 animals with pedigree information and performance records through the national progeny testing program. The frequencies of the genotypes TT, TC and CC were 10.9, 46.9 and 42.2%. Gene frequencies were 0.344 for T allele and 0.656 for C allele. The g.2034T>C SNP genotype showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on dressing percentage and meat color, respectively. Animals with the TT genotype showed higher dressing percentage than those with the CC genotype, and TT genotype had desirable meat color compared with CC genotype. These results suggest that the g.2034T>C SNP genotype of the APOE gene may be useful as a DNA marker for meat quantity index and dressing percentage in Korean cattle.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1019-1037
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• 2005

The major goals of periodontal therapy are the functional regeneration of periodontal supporting structures already destructed by periodontal disease as well as the reduction of signs and symptoms of progressive periodontal disease. There have been many efforts to develop materials and therapeutic methods to promote periodontal wound healing. There have been increasing interest on the chitosan made by chtin. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin made by deacetylation of side chains. Chitosan has been widely studied as bone substitution and membrane material in periodontology. Many experiments using chitosan in various animal models have proven its beneficial effects. Tetracycline has been considered for use in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease and gingivitis. The aim of this study is to evlauate the osteogenesis of tetracycline blended chitosan membranes on the calvarial critical size defect in Sprague Dawley rats. An 8mm surgical defect was produced with a trephine bur in the area of the midsagittal suture. The rats were divided into five groups: Untreated control group versus four experimental group. Four types of membranes were made and comparative study was been done. Two types of non-woven membranes were made by immersing non-woven chitosan into either the tetracycline solution or chitosan-tetracycline solution. Other two types of sponge membranes were fabricated by immersing chitosan sponge into the tetracycline solution, and subsequent freeze-drying. The animals were sacrificed at 2 and 8 weeks after surgical procedure. The specimens were examined by histologic analyses. The results are as follows: 1. Clinically the use of tetracycline blended chitosan membrane showed great healing capacity. 2. The new bone formations of all the experimental group, non-woven and sponge type membranes were greater than those of control group. But, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups. 3. Resorption of chitosan membranes were not shown in any groups at 2 weeks and 8 weeks. These results suggest that the use of tetracycline blended chitosan membrane on the calvarial defects in rats has significant effect on the regeneration of bone tissue in itself. And it implicate that tetracycline blended chitosan membrane might be useful for guided tissue regeneration.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of food waste as a feed resources by fermentation and fermented food waste as a substitute of rat feed on the performance with measuring the liveweight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and digestibility Sixty-two grams Sprague-Dawley line 36 rats were allocated three treatments 12 rats of each(3replication ${\times}$ 4 rats). The substitution level of fermented food waste to commercial broiler feed were control, 0: 100: treatment I, 10: 90: treatment II, 20:80. The chemical composition of fermented food waste was appeared to follows : dry matter, 88.47% : crude ash. 12.95: crude protein, 20.82%; crude fiber, 13.62; ether extract, 9.15%. The body weight of treatment I and II at 1 weeks was significantly lower than those of control(p<.05) and weekly weight gain of control at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment I and II(p<.05). Those were higher in treatment I than those of rest groups at 1-2 weeks(p<.05). Total weight gain of treatment II was significantly lower than those of control and treatment I(p<.05) Total feed consumption of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control (p<.05) and weekly feed consumption of control and treatment II at 3-4 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05). but those were higher in treatment I and II than those of control at 2-3 weeks(p<.05). Commutative feed conversion of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) and weekly feed conversion of treatment II and III at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) Dry matter digestibility of control and treatment I was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05) and organic matter digestibility was higher in control than those of treatment II(p<.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice (WCR) based TMR on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. WCR "Yeongwoo"was harvested at yellow ripen stage and ensiled for 60 days. The crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was 8.4 %, 28.0 %, 53.8 %, 72.4 % and 66.8 %, respectively. For silage quality, pH was 4.37 and lactic and butyric acid content were 2.84 and 0.04 % in DM. Sixteen Hanwoo steers (8-mon-old) were allocated into either a control (commercial TMR) and WCR-TMR (WCR-based TMR) group. The TMR were fed according to the feeding stage phase: growing (Initiate~14 month), early fattening (15 month~21 month) and late fattening (22 month~30 month). The body weight of control group increased (P<0.05) until early fattening stage, but late growing stage of WCR-TMR group was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly greater (P<0.05) in WCR-TMR group (total 0.78 kg/head) compared to control (total 0.66 kg/head) except for late fattening stage. The marketing weight and carcass weight were higher in WCR-TMR group (726 vs 765 kg; 417.8 vs 450.4 kg). The back fat thickness (11.75 vs 13.00 mm), Longissimus dorsi area (88.00 vs $89.88cm^2$) and yield index (65.87 vs 64.30) were not different between the two groups (P>0.05) and also no difference in meat yield grade (A : B : C = 2 : 4 : 2). Marbling score (4.00 vs 4.13), meat color (4.75 vs 4.75), fat color (3.13 vs 2.88), texture (1.25 vs 1.50) and maturity (2.00 vs 2.00) were not significant difference between the two groups and meat quality grade ($1^{{+}{+}}:1^+:1:2:3=0:2:4:2:0$) was also not different. In conclusion, TMR feeding based on WCR silage showed superiority in carcass yield and ADG compared to control TMR. It is considered that the use of WCR for feed is a necessary option for the substitution of the imported forages and the government's policy for rice production adjustment.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Purpose: Plastic optical monomer materials having ultra high refractive index have an income of the whole quantity from advanced nations to domestic companies which are related to plastic optical lens. It is necessary to develop novel plastic optical lens materials in order to overcome a FTA provision and revitalize a stagnating optical lens industry in the interior optical lens industries. The new plastic optical lens materials against the substitution effect of income should be gradually demanded. This work will be synthesized novel super high refractive monomer resin materials of urethane lens series and studied the properties of optical lens using it. Methods: ETS-4 (2-(2-mercaptoethylthio)-3-{2-[3-mercapto-2-(2-mercaptoethylthio)propyl thio]ethylthio}propane -1-thiol), which is optical lens monomer resin having super high refractive index, was synthesized and identified its structure and property by elemental analysis, EI-MS, TGA, FT-IR spectroscopy, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopies. After mixing evenly from mixed monomer resin and diisocyanate series, it was casting in glass mold. After thermal curing, the obtained optical lenses were measured and compared with the refractive index and Abbe number for studies of their optical properties. Results: We have synthesized the novel ultra high refractive index monomer resin, ETS-4, and have identified its structure and property by elemental analysis, EI-MS, TGA, FT-IR spectroscopy, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopies. The existence of three isomers for EST-4 was identified by $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. The refractive index ($N_d$ at $25^{\circ}C$) of monomer resin in liquid state obtained from the Abbe refractometer was 1.647. The refractive indexes of raw plastic optical lenses prepared from the mixed ETS-4 monomer and diisocyanate series were in the range of 1.656~1.680. Conclusions: Novel super high refractive index plastic optical lens monomer was synthesized and analysed, the optical lenses prepared using it were colorless transparency and excellent properties. It is of utility for the industrialization.