• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2018

Domestic sewage treatment plants (STPs) consume about 0.5 % of total electric energy produced annually, which is equivalent to 207.7 billion Korean won per year. To minimize the energy consumption and as a way of mitigating the depletion of energy sources, the sewage treatment strategy should be improved to the level of "energy positive". The core processes for the energy positive sewage treatment include A-stage for energy recovery and B-stage for energy-efficient nitrogen removal. The integrated process is known as the A/B-process. In A-stage, chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) or high rate activated sludge (HRAS) processes can be utilized by modifying the primary settling in the first stage of sewage treatment. CEPT utilizes chemical coagulation and flocculation, while HRAS applies returned activated sludge for the efficient recovery of organic contents. The two processes showed organic recovery efficiencies ranging from 60 to 70 %. At a given recovery efficiency of 80 %, 17.3 % of energy potential ($1,398kJ/m^3$) is recovered through the anaerobic digestion and combustion of methane. Besides, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) can recover 85% of organic contents and generate $1,580kJ/m^3$ from the sewage. The recovered energy is equal to the amount of energy consumption by sewage treatment equipped with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX)-based B-stage, $810{\sim}1,620kJ/m^3$. Therefore, it is possible to upgrade STPs as efficient as energy neutral. However, additional novel technologies, such as, fuel cell and co-digestion, should be applied to achieve "energy positive" sewage treatment.

• 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2017

It is very important to treat infected livestock carcasses safely and quickly. In this study, the degradation characteristics and odor generation characteristics of carcasses were investigated during the treatment of swine carcasses using the anaerobic burial composting method. While the carcasses were decomposed, the temperature remained high, at $40{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ on average, and most of the carcasses were decomposed rapidly. The major odor-contributing substances in the buried composting method are sulfuric odor substances such as $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and the odor contribution of these substances is 93~99%. Among them, $CH_3SH$, which accounts for about 56~89% of odor contribution, was the most representative indicator substance. Despite the anaerobic digestion process, the methane concentration in the digestion process was as low as 0.5~0.8% at the burial point of the carcass. The odor and methane produced during the decomposition of the carcasses decreased considerably during the discharge to the surface layer through the buried layer consisting of compost. These results suggest that anaerobic high temperature burial composting is one of the most useful methods to treat carcasses of infected livestock.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.302-313
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• 2012

Purpose: The biogas productivity potential of fish waste (FW) was evaluated. Methods: Batch trials were carried out in 1.3 L glass digesters kept in a temperature controlled chambers at $36.5^{\circ}C$. The first order kinetic model and the modified Gompertz model were evaluated for biogas production. The Chen and Hashimoto model was used to determine the critical hydraulic retention time (HRT $_{Critical}$) for FW under mesophilic conditions. The feasibility of co-digestion of FW with animal manure was studied. Results: The biogas and methane potential of FW was found to be 757 and 554 mL/g VS, respectively. The methane content in the biogas produced from FW was found to be 73% and VS removal was found to be 77%. There was smaller difference between measured and predicted biogas production when using the modified Gompertz model (16.5%) than using first order kinetic model (31%). The time period for 80%-90% of biogas production ($T_{80-90}$) from FW was calculated to be 50.3-53.5 days. Similarly, the HRT $_{Critical}$ for FW was calculated to be 13 days under mesophilic conditions. The methane production from swine manure (SM) and cow manure (CM) digesters could be enhanced by 13%-115% and 17%-152% by mixing 10%-90% of FW with SM and CM, respectively. Conclusions: The FW was found to be highly potential substrate for anaerobic digestion for biogas production. The modified Gompertz model could be more appropriate in describing anaerobic digestion process of FW. It could be promising for co-digestion of FW with animal manure.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2017

본 연구는 유기성폐자원 (가축분뇨, 음식물류폐기물, 음식물류폐수 등)을 병합 소화하는 시설을 대상으로 적정 설계 기준치를 충족하기 위한 설계 및 운전 기술지침서 마련하고자 현장조사와 정밀모니터링을 실시하였다. 현장조사시 도출된 결과를 바탕으로 설계 및 운전 사항, 모니터링 항목 및 주기, 시운전 기간 등 바이오가스화 시설의 전반적인 가이드라인을 제시하였다. 초기 혐기소화 처리용량 설계시 유입 원료별 배출 특성을 고려하여 처리용량의 10~30 %의 여유율을 적용하였다. 공정별 설계 지침의 경우, 반입 및 전처리 설비의 유기물 반입 농도를 TS 10 % 이하로 제한하고 혐기소화조 운전시 저해요인 제한 농도을 제시하였다. 또한 병합기준 유기물부하율 $1.5{\sim}4.0kgVS_{in}/(m^3{\cdot}day)$, 소화가스 이용설비는 탈황 및 제습 방법, 호기액비화조의 적정 설계 운영인자 등을 제안하였다. 바이오가스화 시설의 운전인자는 pH (산발효조 4.5~6.5, 메탄발효조 6.0~8.0), 온도변화폭 $2^{\circ}C$ 이내, 휘발성지방산과 암모니아를 각각 3,000 mg/L 이하로 유지할 것을 권장하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

슬러리 형태의 돈사폐수로부터 자원회수와 질소제거를 위하여 순차적으로 ADEPT(Anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment) 공정과 SHARON(Single reactor system High Ammonium Removal Over nitrite)-ANAMMOX(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation)공정을 결합하여 운전하였다. ADEPT 공정은 부하율 3.95 gSCOD/L-day에서 운전되었고, SCOD 생성율과 산생성율은 각각 5.3 gSCOD/L-day와 3.3 gVFAs/L-day(as COD)였다. 가수분해에 의한 VS감소와 SCOD생성율은 각각 13%와 0.19 $gSCOD_{prod}/gVS_{feeding}$였으며, 산생성율은 0.80 $gVFAs/gSCOD_{prod.}$였다. 메탄발효조에서 가스생성율과 메탄함량은 각각 2.8 L/day($0.3m^3CH_4/kgCOD_{removal}\;@STP$) 및 77%였다. 운전조건에서 $NH_4-N$ 94.1% (TKN으로서 86.5%) 및 T-P 87.3%가 제거되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2020

In this study, a pilot-scale (3 ㎥/day) membrane distillation (MD) process was operated to treat digestate produced from anaerobic digestion of livestock wastewater. In order to evaluate the performance and energy cost of MD process, it was compared with the pilot scale (10 ㎥/day) reverse osmosis (RO) process, expected competitive process, under same feed condition. As results, MD process shows stable permeate flux (average 10.1 L/㎡/hr) until 150 hours, whereas permeate flux of RO process was decreased from 5.3 to 1.5 L/㎡/hr within 24 hours. In the case of removal of COD, TN, and TP, MD process shows a high removal rate (98.7, 93.7, and 99% respectively) stably until 150 hours. However, in the case of RO process, removal rate was decreased from 91.6 to 69.5% in COD and from 93.7 to 76.0% in TP during 100 hours of operation. Removal rate of TN in RO process was fluctuated in the range of 34.5-62.9% (average 44.6%) during the operation. As a result of energy cost analysis, MD process using waste heat for heating the feed shows 18% lower cost compare with RO process. Thus, overall efficiency of the MD process is higher then that of the RO process in terms of permeate flux, removal rate of salts, and operating cost (in the case of using waste heat) in treating the anaerobic digestate of livestock wastewater.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2011

돈 분뇨 슬러리를 대상으로 하여 기계적 분쇄와 캐비테이션 그리고 오존을 적용하여 원료의 특성 변화와 생분해도 그리고 메탄 생성잠재성 변화를 측정한 시험결과를 요약한 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 1. 분쇄방법과 캐비테이션의 방법의 경우 큰 입자 및 미세입자를 줄일 수 있는 효과가 있었다. 2. 오존처리의 방법의 경우 용존물질의 부분산화, 미세입자의 부분산화 및 가용화 촉진을 통해 혐기성 소화의 첫 단계인 가수분해를 더욱 촉진할 것으로 사료된다. 3. 입도분포 변화에 따른 메탄생성량의 변화는 분쇄처리할 경우가 캐비테이션과 오존 처리방법에 비해 더 양호한 메탄생성효율을 보였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2009

음식물류폐수와 축산분뇨를 1:1로 혼합한 폐수를 대상으로 고온/중온의 이상혐기소화공정을 실시하였고 혼합폐수내 병원성미생물의 존재 및 소화과정중 미생물상의 변화를 살펴보았다. 혼합원액내 미생물은 대장균, 분변성 장내세균, 대장균군 등의 장내세균총을 비롯하여 식중독을 일으키는 포도상구균과 살모넬라, 이질의 원인균인 쉬겔라, 유가공제품내 대표적 병원성세균인 리스테리아 및 효모 등이 검출되었다. 혐기소화의 안정화시기는 반응후 21일이 지나서부터 시작하였으며, 이 시기를 전후하여 산 발효조와 메탄발효조에서 각각 80% 및 90% 내외의 가파른 감소율을 보이며 대부분의 미생물이 감소되었다. 안정화이후 유기물의 평균분해율은 메탄발효조에서 60% 내외를 기록하였다. 메탄 발효조를 거친 소화액내 미생물개체수는 반응종료 시점에서 대부분 불검출 되었으나, 리스테리아와 포도상구균의 경우, 비교적 완만한 감소세를 보이며 반응최종일까지 검출이 되고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to estimate the applicability of a stable anaerobic digester using a separator membrane to the preprocessing thickening process. The results of the experiments showed about a 47.16% weight loss rate for the sludge under anaerobic condition, and about 41.17% under intermittent aeration condition. The concentrations of rejection water were $SCOD_{Cr}$ 25 mg/L, T-N 16.6 mg/L, and T-P 1.4 mg/L on the average under the intermittent aeration condition, which were lower than the concentrations of rejection water under an anaerobic condition. As for the factors affecting the reduction of the flux, correlation analyses of TTF, MLSS, $SCOD_{Cr}$, and $EPS_{Protein}$, $EPS_{Polysacchride}$ resulted in -0.97, -0.95, -0.84 and -0.86, -0.95, respectively, which showed that TTF had the highest correlation to the reduction of the flux. In addition, it was concluded that MLSS, $SCOD_{Cr}$ and $EPS_{Protein}$, $EPS_{Polysacchride}$ also have close correlations. The results are considered to show that, in the case of the process using a tubular membrane in the preprocessing process of an anaerobic digester, an intermittent aeration condition of the thickener considering the contamination of the membrane and load of rejection water is appropriate for the stable preprocessing process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.303-307
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• 1996

The degree of autolysis and presence of cell-wall degrading enzymes in an anaerobic ruminal fungus, Piromyces communis OTSI, grown in liquid medium, was monitored to evaluate the effect of self-digestion on fungal biomass. After a 30 days incubation period fungal dry weight decreased by 45% and the cell wall component chitin decreased by 22%. Chitinase activity detected in the supernatant was mainly of the endotype and peaked at day 6 of the incubation. ${\beta}-1$, 3-glucanase was detected from day 4 and increased throughout the incubation period. Autolysis was a slow process, and under natural conditions it is unlikely that it plays a significant role in the degradation of the spent fungal vegetative stage in the rumen.