• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2010

The distribution of ambient air particles varies according to climate, industries, and other sources. In this study, ambient air particles (less than 12.1 ${\mu}m$) were monitored from February to August, 2007 as 12 different fractions sorted by a cascade impactor. Particles in the size range from 0.33 ${\mu}m$ to 0.76 ${\mu}m$ comprised the main fraction of ambient air particles in Seoul, Korea. On the day of an Asian dust event, the particle fraction size increased to 1.25~2.5 ${\mu}m$. The different sized particle fractions were also monitored for metals and were found to contain toxic heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr and As. Particle preparations were significantly cytotoxic when exposed to cultured BEAS-2B cells. Microarray analysis of the treated cells indicated a significant up-regulation of a number of genes associated with oxidative stress, including metallothionein, heme oxygenase-1, heat shock protein 70, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-1.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1991

Authors investigated size distributions of airborne mixed coal dust at drillings, coalfaces, and separating sites of underground coal mines in Taebaek, Hwasun, and Jeomchon area by ambient cascade impactors. And Respirable mass fractions were calculated from the size distributions by the ACGIH criteria.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.83-84
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• 1999

시정악화나 광화학 스모그를 비롯하여 지구 온난화에 부유 입자상 물질이 미치는 영향 등을 파악하기 위해선 중량농도, 화학적 성분분석 등과 함께 그 입경별 크기 분포도 반드시 고려되어야만 한다. 입경분포 측정을 위하여 다단식 임팩터(Cascade Impactor)나 광학입자계수기(OPC, Optical Particle Counter), Aerosizer, SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer), EAA(Electrical Aerosol Analyzer) 등 이주로 사용되고 있다.(중략)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.535-542
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• 1995

Monitoring of lead concentration in the ambient alt was performed in Kyung Hee University-Suwon Campus over a period of 5 year from November 1989 to September 1994 using a cascade impactor having 9 size stages. Lead level was analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. The lead levels have been extensively examined to identify annual trends, seasonal variations, and size distribution of lead concentration. Even though consumption of leaded gasoline has been decreased, the levels have not significantly changed during the sampling period. Probably other sources like fossil fuel emission and refuse incinerator will be potential contributors. The seasonal variation showed that Pb concentration significantly increased in the winter season and decreased in the summer season. The size distributions of Pb were observed to be unimodal distribution of the 1.1~2.1 $mu extrm{m}$ sixte ranges in the winter and 0.65~1.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in the summer.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.149-149
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• 1995

Monitoring of lead concentration in the ambient alt was performed in Kyung Hee University-Suwon Campus over a period of 5 year from November 1989 to September 1994 using a cascade impactor having 9 size stages. Lead level was analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. The lead levels have been extensively examined to identify annual trends, seasonal variations, and size distribution of lead concentration. Even though consumption of leaded gasoline has been decreased, the levels have not significantly changed during the sampling period. Probably other sources like fossil fuel emission and refuse incinerator will be potential contributors. The seasonal variation showed that Pb concentration significantly increased in the winter season and decreased in the summer season. The size distributions of Pb were observed to be unimodal distribution of the 1.1∼2.1 $mu extrm{m}$ sixte ranges in the winter and 0.65∼1.1 ㎛ in the summer.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.108-121
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• 2009

The suspended particulate matters have been collected on membrane filters and glass fiber filters by an 8-stage cascade impactor for 2 years (Sep. 2005${\sim}$Sep. 2007) in Kyung Hee University-Global Campus located on the border of Yongin and Suwon. The 20 chemical species (Al, Mn, Si, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Ba, $Na^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were analyzed by an ICP-AES and an IC after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. Based on these chemical information, the PMF receptor model was applied to identify the source of ambient size-by-size particulate matters. The receptor modeling is the one of the statistical methods to achieve resonable air pollution management strategies. A total of 10 sources was identified in 9 size-ranges such as long-range transport, secondary aerosol, $NH_{4}NO_{3}$ related source, coal combustion, sea-salt, soil, oil combustion, auto emission, incineration, and biomass burning. Especially, the secondary aerosol source assorted in fine and coarse modes was intensively studied.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.E4
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• pp.203-213
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• 2002

Receptor modeling is one of statistical methods to achieve reasonable air pollution strategies. In order to maintain and manage ambient air quality, it is necessary to identify sources and to apportion its sources for ambient particulate matters. The main purpose of the study was to survey seasonal trends of inorganic elements in the coarse and fine particles. Second, this study has attempted emission sources qualitatively by a receptor method, the PMF mo-del. After that. both PMF (positive matrix factorization) model and TTFA (target transformation factor analysis) model were applied to compare and to estimate mass contribution of coarse and fine particle sources at the receptor. A total of 138 sets of samples was collected from 1989 to 1996 by a low volume cascade impactor with 9 size fraction stages at Kyung Hee University in Korea. Sixteen chemical species (Si, Ca, Fe, K, Pb, Na, Zn, Mg, Ba, Ni, V, Mn, Cr, Br, Cu. Co) were characterized by XRF. The study result showed that the weighted arithmetic mean of coarse and fine particles were 51.3 and 54.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. Contribution of both particle fractions were esti-mated using TTFA and PMF models. The number of estimated sources was seven according to TTFA model and 8 according to PMF model. Comparison of TTFA and PMF revealed that both methodologies exhibited similar trends in their contribution pattern. However, large differences between contributions were observed in some sour-ces. The results of this study may help to suggest control strategies in local countries where known source profiles do not exist.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.159-168
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• 2008

A special field experiment has been carried out from March 2001 to June 2001 at the Changhowon in Kyunggi to investigate a better methodology for the estimation of dry deposition of pollutions applicable in Korea. In this study, dry deposition plate was used to measure of total and water soluble acidic mass fluxes, and CPRI(Coarse Particle Rotary Impactor), CI(Cascade Impactor) were also used to measure ambient concentrations in various particle size ranges. Sehmel-Hodgson model was used to estimate dry depostion velocity and Weibull probability distribution function was applied to get generalized particle size distribution for the size fractioned concentration data sampled by CPRI and CI. Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of mass and ionic matters estimated by the various techniques(one-step, multi-step, equi-concentration, subdivision for only the coarse particle range, applying Weibull distribution function, etc.) were compared to flux data sampled by DDP. It was found out that the deposition fluxes estimation methodology calculated by the each particle size range devided by particle size distribution characteristics and the rapidly changed points of deposition velocity using Weibull probability distribution function was the most applicable.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.E2
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• pp.57-68
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• 2002

Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes and size segregated concentrations of particulate metal elements were measured at four sites in Kunpo, a small city in the Seoul metropolitan area in Korea. At each site, aerosol samples were collected by dry deposition plates, a cascade impactor, and a coarse panicle rotary impactor during four sampling periods. At all sites, the average fluxes of metals measured during daytime were higher than nighttime fluxes due to higher wind speeds and higher ambient concentrations during daytime. The average fluxes of crustal elements (Al, Ca) were 1∼2 orders of magnitude higher than anthropogenic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The daytime fluxes of Al and Ca were between 90 and 12000 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/, and the nighttime fluxes of Al and Ca were between 20 and 2200 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/. The daytime fluxes of Pb, a typical anthropogenic element, were between 20 and 160$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/, and the nighttime fluxes of Pb were between ND and 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/. Also the ambient metal concentrations during daytime were higher than nighttime. Based on a dust emission estimation study in Kunpo, it was found that dust emissions during daytime are higher than nighttime. The concentrations of crustal elements were higher than anthropogenic elements. The distributions of heavy metals were mainly in small particles (D$\_$p/ 9㎛). The fraction of crustal elements in the large particles (D$\_$p/> 9㎛) were higher than anthropogenic elements.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 1995

An intensive field study was carried out during Aug. 1993 in Seoul to study the characteristics of summertime visibility and diurnal trend of ionic composition of ambient particles. A transmissometer, nephelometer with heated and unheated inlets, PM3 fine particle sampler, and cascade impactor were used to measure optical and particle properties of ambient air. During this study period, a weak smog episode has occurred. Light scattering by particles is the most dominant factor on total light extinction. The effect of light absorption by particles in Seoul is much higher than other major cities in U.S.A. throughout the summer and fall with relatively constant values. The effect of water on $b_{sp}$ was small during the period. The particle size distribution shows a typical bimodal one. Sulfate, ammonium, chloride, and nitrate are the major chemical species in fine fraction aerosols, about 30% of toral mass concentration. Concentraion of sulfate is higher during the daytime while those of nitrate and chloride are higher during the nighttime. Ammonium concentration is constant through the daytime.