• Proceedings of the Korean Society Of Semiconductor Equipment Technology
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.102-105
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• 2005

In this study Al electrode for OLED was deposited by FTS(Facing Targets Sputtering) system which can deposit thin films with low substrate damage. The Al thin films were deposited on the cell (LiF/EML/HTL/Bottom electrode) as a function of working gas such as Ar, Kr or mixed gas. Also Al thin films were prepared with working gas pressure (1, 6 mTorr ). The film thickness and I-V curve of Al/cell were evaluated by $\alpha$-step and semiconductor parameter (HP4156A) measurement.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.625-630
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• 2005

Background : Determining the cause of an exudative pleural effusion is sometimes quite difficult, especially between malignant and tuberculous effusions. Twenty percent of effusions remain undiagnosed even after a complete diagnostic evaluation, including pleural biopsy. The activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), which is the one of proinflammatory cytokines, is increased in both infectious and malignant effusions. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic efficiency of TNF-${\alpha}$ activity in distinguishing tuberculous from malignant effusions. Methods : 46 patients (13 with malignant pleural effusion, 33 with tuberculous pleural effusion) with exudative pleurisy were included. TNF-${\alpha}$ concentrations were measured in the pleural fluid and serum samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, TNF-${\alpha}$ ratio (pleural fluid TNF-${\alpha}$ : serum TNF-${\alpha}$) was calculated. Results : TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration and TNF-${\alpha}$ ratio in the pleural fluid were significantly higher in the tuberculous effusions than in the malignant effusions (p<0.05). However, the serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions were similar (p>0.05). The cut off points for the pleural fluid TNF-${\alpha}$ level and TNF-${\alpha}$ ratio were found to be 136.4 pg/mL and 6.4, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve were 81%, 80% and 0.82 for the pleural fluid TNF-${\alpha}$ level (p<0.005) and 76%, 70% and 0.72 for the TNF-${\alpha}$ ratio (p<0.05). Conclusion : We conclude that pleural fluid TNF-${\alpha}$ level and TNF-${\alpha}$ ratio can distinguish a malignant pleural effusion from a tuberculous effusion, and can be additional markers in a differential diagnosis of tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion. The level of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the pleural fluid could be a more efficient marker than the TNF-${\alpha}$ ratio.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.709-713
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• 2016

Grain morphology, phase stability and mechanical properties in binary Ti-Al alloys containing 43-52 mo1% Al have been investigated. Isothermal forging was used to control the grain sizes of these alloys in the range of 5 to $350{\mu}m$. Grain morphology and volume fraction of ${\alpha}_2$ phase were observed by optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy. Compressive properties were evaluated at room temperature, 1070 K, and 1270 K in an argon atmosphere. Work hardening is significant at room temperature, but it hardly took place at 1070 K and 1270 K because of dynamical recrystallization. The grain morphologies were determined as functions of aluminum content and processing conditions. The transus curve of ${\alpha}$ and ${\alpha}+{\gamma}$ shifted more to the aluminum-rich side than was the case in McCullough's phase diagram. Flow stress at room temperature depends strongly on the volume fraction of the ${\alpha}_2$ phase and the grain size, whereas flow stress at 1070 K is insensitive to the alloy composition or the grain size, and flow stress at 1270 K depends mainly on the grain size. The ${\alpha}_2$ phase in the alloys does not increase the proof stress at high temperatures. These observations indicate that improvement of both the proof stress at high temperature and the room temperature ductility should be achieved to obtain slightly Ti-rich TiAl base alloys.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.434-442
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• 1990

A new HPLC method for determining malonaldehyde content in lipid peroxidation systems was developed and antioxidant activities of $\alpha$-, $\beta$- carotene, lutein and lycopene were compared by a newly developed HPLC analysis and by TBA value. In addition, malonaldehyde forming ability of rat liver microsome was determined depending on thawing numbers. As results, malonaldehyde was eluted at a retention o f5.60 min and showed a linear relationship between peak area and concentration in standard curve. The MA content of microsome decreased with thawing numbers possible by destruction of cellular membranes. Lycopene, lutein and $\alpha$-carotene showed stronger antioxidant activities than $\beta$-carotene of DL-$\alpha$-tocopherol both in Fe+3-ADP/NADPH and in paraquat/NADPH system. The inhibitory effects of carotenoids and DL-$\alpha$-tocopherol on Fe+3-ADP/NADPH lipid peroxidation system was similar by TBA value and by the HPLC analysis for malonaldehyde.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia should be controlled to avoid complications of diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the effects of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) berry (AOB) on fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: In vitro ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory effect of AOB was determined. Maltose solution (2 g/kg) with and without AOB extract at 500 mg/kg or acarbose at 50 mg/kg was orally administered to normal mice after overnight fasting and glucose levels were measured. To study the effects of chronic consumption of AOB, db/db mice received the basal diet or a diet containing AOB extract at 0.4% or 0.8%, or acarbose at 0.04% for 7 weeks. Blood glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose and insulin levels were measured. Expression of adiponectin protein in epididymal white adipose tissue was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: In vitro inhibitory effect of AOB extract on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 92% as strong as that of acarbose. The AOB extract (500 mg/kg) or acarbose (50 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the postprandial rise of blood glucose after maltose challenge and the area under the glycemic response curve in normal mice. The AOB extract at 0.4% or 0.8% of diet or acarbose at 0.04% of diet significantly lowered levels of serum glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance values in db/db mice. The expression of adiponectin protein in adipose tissue was significantly elevated by the consumption of AOB at 0.8% of diet. CONCLUSIONS: Autumn olive (E. umbellata Thunb.) berry may reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting ${\alpha}$-glucosidase in normal mice. Chronic consumption of AOB may alleviate fasting hyperglycemia in db/db mice partly by inhibiting ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and upregulating adiponectin expression.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2018

Postprandial hyperglycemia plays an important role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes and diabetic complications. Controlling postprandial hyperglycemia is the most important factor for reducing the risks of diabetic complications in Type 2 diabetic patients. This study was designed to determine whether Portulaca oleracea L. extract suppresses the activation of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, and lowers postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice through streptozotocin. P. oleracea was extracted with either 80% ethanol (PEE) or water (PWE), and the extract solutions were concentrated. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibition assays were performed using the chromogenic method. Normal mice and STZ-induced diabetic mice were orally treated with PEE, PWE (300 mg/kg of body weight) or acarbose (100 mg/kg of body weight), with soluble starch (2 g/kg of body weight). The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory effectiveness by PEE were markedly more effective than PWE, and both extracts indicated a higher effectiveness than the acarbose (positive control). The rise in postprandial blood glucose due to starch loading was markedly inhibited in the PEE group when compared to the control group in diabetic and normal mice. Furthermore, the area under the concentration-time curve values were markedly declined by the PEE injection in the diabetic group when compared to that exerted for the control group. These results demonstrate that P. oleracea extracts lower postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, and that the ethanol extract is more efficacious than the water extract.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 1989

A general effect for cell proliferation has been incorporated into Roesch's survival equation (Accumulation Model). From this an isoeffect formula for the low dose-rate regimen is obtained. The prediction for total doses equivalent to 60Gy delivered at the constant dose-rate over 7 days agrees well with the dose-time data of Paterson and of Green, when the parameter ratio A/B (${\approx}{\alpha{\mu}}/2{\beta}\;where\;{\mu}$ is the repair rate) is chosen to be 0.7Gy/h. When a constant proliferation rate and known facts of division delay are assumed, an isoeffect relation between low dose-rate treatment and acute dose-rate treatment can be derived. This formula in the regimens where proliferation is negligible predicts exactly the data of Ellis that 8 fractions of 5 Gy/day for 7 days are equivalent to continuously applied 60Gy over 7days, provided the A/B ratio is 0.7 Gy/h and the $\alpha/\beta$ ratio is 4Gy. Overall agreement between the clinical data and the predictions made by the formula at the above parameter values suggests that the biologcal end points used as the tolerance level in the studies by Paterson, Green, and Ellis all agree and they are not entirely the early effects as generally assumed. The absence of dose-rate effects observed in the mouse KHT sarcoma can better be explained in terms of a large value for the A/B ratio. Similarly, the same total dose used independently of the dose-rate to treat head and neck tumors by Pierquin can be justified.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2010

The materials failure relation $\ddot{\Omega}=A{(\dot{\Omega})}^\alpha$ where $\Omega$ is a measurable quantity such as displacement and the dot superscript is the time derivative, may be used to analyze the accelerating creep of materials. Coefficients, A and $\alpha$, are determined by fitting given data sets. In this study, it is tried to predict the failure time of tunnel using the materials failure relation. Four fitting techniques of applying the materials failure relation are attempted to forecast a failure time. Log velocity versus log acceleration technique, log time versus log velocity technique, inverse velocity technique are based on the linear least squares fits and non-linear least squares technique utilizes the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Since the log velocity versus log acceleration technique utilizes a logarithmic representation of the materials failure relation, it indicates the suitability of the materials failure relation applied to predict a failure time of tunnel. A linear correlation between log velocity and log acceleration appears satisfactory(R=0.84) and this represents that the materials failure relation is a suitable model for predicting a failure time of tunnel. Through comparing the real failure time of tunnel with the predicted failure times from four curve fittings, it is shown that the log time versus log velocity technique results in the best prediction.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.11 s.268
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• pp.828-837
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• 2006

Background: Tissue hypoxia is characteristic of many human malignant neoplasm, and hypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1) plays a pivotal role in essential adaptive response to hypoxia, and activates a signal pathway for the expression of the hypoxia-regulated genes, resulting in increasing $O_2$ delivery or facilitating metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Increased level of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ has been reported in many human malignancies, but in non-small cell lung carcinoma the influence of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ on tumor biology, including neovascularization, is not still defined. In present study the relationship of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression on angiogenetic factors, relationship between the tumor proliferation and HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression, interaction of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression and p53, and relationship between HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression and clinico-pathological prognostic parameters were investigated. Material and Method: Archival tissue blocks recruited in this study were retrieved from fifty-nine patients with primary non-small cell lung carcinoma, who underwent pneumonectomy or lobectomy from 1997 to 1999. HIF-$1{\alpha}$, VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor), and p53 protein expression and Ki-67 labeling index in tumor tissues were evaluated, using a standard avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex(ABC) immunohistochemistry. Relationship between the HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression and VEGF, p53 overexpression and correlation between the HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expresseion and Ki-67 index were analyzed. Clinico-pathologic prognostic parameters were also analyzed. Result: HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression in cancer cells was found in 24 of 59 cases of non-small cell lung carcinoma(40.7%). High HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression was significantly associated with several pathological parameters, such as pathological TMN stage(p=0.004), pT stage(p=0.020), pN stage (p=0.029), and lymphovascular invasion(p=0.019). High HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression was also significantly associated with VEGF immunoreactivity(p<0.001), and aberrant p53 expression(p=0.040). but was marginally associated with Ki-67 labeling index(p=0.092). The overall 5-year survival rate was 42.3%. The survival curve of patients with a high HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression was worse than that of patients with low-expression(p=0.002). High HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression was independent unfavorable factors with a marginal significance in multivariate analysis performed by Cox regression. Conclusion: It is suggested that high HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression may be associated with intratumoral neovascularization possibly through HIF-VEGF pathway, and high HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression could be associated with lymph node metastasis and post operative poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.643-649
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• 2018

Objective: POU class 1 homeobox 1 (POU1F1) mediates growth hormone expression and activity by altering transcription, eventually resulting in growth rate variations. Therefore, we aimed to identify chicken POU1F1 polymorphisms and evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and growth-related traits, and logistic growth curve parameter traits (${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, and ${\gamma}$). Methods: Three SNPs (M_1 to M_3) were used to genotype 585 $F_1$ and 88 $F_0$ birds from five Korean native chicken lines using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: Single marker analyses and traits association analyses showed that M_2 was significantly associated with body weight at two weeks, weight gain from hatch to 2 weeks, and weight gain from 16 to 18 weeks (p<0.05). M_3 was significantly associated with weight gain from 14 to 16 weeks and from 16 to 18 weeks, and asymptotic body weight (${\alpha}$) (p<0.05). No traits were associated with M_1. The POU1F1 haplogroups were significantly associated with weight gain from 14 to 16 weeks (p = 0.020). Linkage disequilibrium test and Haploview analysis shown one main haploblock between M_2 and M_3 SNP. Conclusion: Thus, POU1F1 significantly affects the growth of Korean native chickens and their growth curve traits.