• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.506-512
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• 2009

The antimicrobial activity of water and ethanol extracts from 30 species of algae was measured using the agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. In agar diffusion method, the 95% ethanol extracts from 12 of the algae showed growth inhibition against the tested microorganisms. In particular, Ishige okamurai, Ecklonia stolonifera, Sargassum siliquastrum, Sargassum thunbergii, Colpomenia bullosa, and Ecklonia cava had strong antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria at 4 mg/mL. In the results of the MIC test, S. siliquastrum showed the most antimicrobial activity, where its MIC values ranged from 0.005 to 0.0075% against Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, and Basillus subtilis. In the thermal stability test, for the ethanol extracts of I. okamurai, E. cava, S. siliquastrum, S. thunbergii, and C. bullosa, the extracts proved to maintain high antimicrobial activities when they were treated at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. In the pH stability test, the antimicrobial activity of the S. siliquastrum ethanol extract was stable from pH 2 to 10, whereas the activity of the other species ethanol extracts were weakened under pH 10 against several microbes.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2006

Community structure and biodiversity of benthic marine algae were studied in the rocky shore of Phohang New Port, Yeoungil Bay. A total of 79 species of marine algae including 8 Chlorophyta, 23 Phaeophyta and 48 Rhodophyta are listed. The dominant algal species were Corallina pilulifera in all seasons, and Sargassum homeri in winter. Lomentaria catenata, Lomentaria hakodatensis, Grateloupia laceolata, Sargassum thunbergii, Chondria crassicaulis, Ulva pertusa, and Hypnea charoides were subdominant at different seasons. The algal biomass per unit area of the benthic algal community in Pohang New Port under construction was 14506 - 398.93 g dry wt m-2, which means that its annually averaged value is 273.45 g dry wt m-2 . The seasonal change in algal biomass showed highs in winter and spring, and lows in summer and autumn. The algal species diversity (H') based on algal biomass was 2.07 annually in average, with 2.42 in winter, 2.65 in spring, 1.79 in summer and 1.43 in autumn. It was high in winter and spring seasons and low in summer and autumn seasons. It is caused by that spring and winter are the profitable growth time for algae and species components in this study were dominated by the annual or seasonal rather than perennial plants.

• 환경생물
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.458-470
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• 2013

Haliotis discus, a useful abalone of herbivorous gastropod, shows feeding preference to marine algae depending upon their growth stage and recognition of taste. This study was carried out to investigate this abalone's algal preferences and the presence of feeding stimulants. In single-choice experiments the small (S) group generally preferred Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta), whereas the medium (M) and large (L) group preferred both Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta) and Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta). In multi-choice experiments using 4 algal species of L. japonica, U. pertusa, U. pinnatifida and Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyta), the results were same as in the single-choice experiments; the S group preferred U. pertusa the most, while the M and L group preferred both U. pinnatifida and L. japonica. However E. cava was not preferred by any groups. In order to examine the presence of feeding stimulant, chemical compounds from algae used as feed were isolated and identified. The abalone responded to water soluble matters of L. japonica, U. pinnatifida and U. pertusa, but those of E. cava and Sargassum sagamianum (Phaeophyta) were not attractive to them. In feeding stimulant experiments using fat soluble matters, the S group preferred the fat soluble matter of U. pertusa the most, while the M group and the L group preferred those of U. pertusa and U. pinnatifida, and those of L. japonica, respectively. However the fat soluble matter of S. sagamianum was not attractive to the abalone. The results of feeding stimulant experiments were same as those of single-choice or multi-choice experiments, which showed that compound lipids in fat soluble matter might act as feeding-stimulant.

• ALGAE
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2006

Benthic diatoms are known as a good food for shellfish in nature and in commercial hatchery of Jeju Island, Korea. Grammatophora marina is commonly found as dominant benthic micro-algae in Jeju coastal waters throughout the year. To know the best growth conditions of this species, culture was done in terms of three parameters; water temperature, salinity and nutrients. Each parameter was controlled by temperature of 15, 20 and 25°C; salinity of 25, 30 and 35 psu; and nutrient concentrations of 50, 100 and 200%. F/2 media was used with artificial seawater for the culture, which was continued for two weeks with L:D cycle 12:12 by using fluorescent light. Maximum specific growth rate was recorded 1.68 d–1 at temperature of 25°C with salinity of 35 psu and nutrient concentration of 200% on 6th day during the culture period. Maximum biomass was also observed 4.9 × 105 cells mL–1 in the same condition. This species may belong to the euryhaline and eutrophic habitat with warm condition. For nutritional aspects of this species, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were measured. The value of protein, lipid and carbohydrate was 4.96%, 15.82% and 5.65%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of 80% methanolic extract were 46.7%, 23.7% and 23.8% on DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylydrazy) radical, superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, respectively. Percentage metal chelating activity was 81.2%. Enzymatic extracts of Alcalase and Ultraflow showed remarkable scavenging activities on DPPH radical (86.5% and 57.2%, respectively), and superoxide anion scavenging activities were 45.3% and 41.4% from Kojizyme and Viscozyme extracts, respectively. Extract of Protomex revealed 24.8% activity on hydrogen peroxide and Neutase showed 30.8% on hydroxyl radical scavenging effects. Celluclast and Viscozyme extracts showed 33.2% and 32.1% activities on nitric oxide scavenging, respectively, while Alcalase showed 61.5% on metal chelating. This species contains higher lipids among the biochemical compounds and higher metal chelating activities from both 80% methanolic and enzymatic extracts.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 1982

돈분(豚糞)을 이용(利用)하여 2회(回)에 걸친 메탄발효폐액(醱酵廃液) 상징액(上澄液)(pH:7.85, $NH_4$-N:683ppm, Ec:$8.3m{\cdot}mhos/cm$, BOD:1,000ppm내외(內外))을 지하수(地下水)로 희석(稀釋)하여 녹조류(綠藻類) 1종(種)(Scenedesmus), 좀개구리밥(Lemner minor L.) 및 Azolla 1종(種)(Azolla pinnata)을 재배(栽培)코져할 때 폐액(廃液)의 적정희석재수(適正稀釋倍数)와 희석액(稀釋液)의 교환간격(交換間隔)을 알고져 vat시험(試験)으로 실시(実施)한 결과(結果), 1. 녹조류(綠藻類) 생육(生育)에는 폐액(廃液)을 5배(倍)(접종시(接種時) $NH_4$-N:137ppm)로 희석(稀釋)하여 매(每) 8일간격(日間隔)으로 교환(交換), 좀개구리밥은 25~50배(倍)(접종시(接種時) $NH_4$-N: 7~14ppm) 희석(稀釋)하여 4일간격교환(日間隔交換), Azolla는 50배희석(倍稀釋)(접종시(接種時) $NH_4$-N:14ppm) 매(每) 4~8일(日)마다 교환시(交換時)에 생육(生育)이 제일 좋았다. 2. 녹조류(綠藻類), 좀개구리밥 및 Azolla가 생육(生育)할 시(時)에 메탄가스폐액(廃液)의 pH, Ec 및 $NH_4$-N가 감소(減少)되어 폐액(廃液)의 정화(淨化)가 촉진(促進)되었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2023

Light quality is a common environmental factor which influences the metabolism of biochemical substances in algae and leads to the response of algal growth and development. Pyropia yezoensis is a kind of economic macroalgae that naturally grows in the intertidal zone where the light environment changes dramatically. In the present study, P. yezoensis thalli were treated under white light (control) and monochromatic lights with primary colors (blue, green, and red) for 14 days to explore their physiological response to light quality. During the first 3 days of treatment, P. yezoensis grew faster under blue light than other light qualities. In the next 11 days, it showed better adaptation to green light, with higher growth rate and photosynthetic capacity (reflected by a higher rETR_max = 61.58 and E_k = 237.78). A higher non-photochemical quenching was observed in the treatment of red light than others for 14 days. Furthermore, the response of P. yezoensis to light quality also results in the difference of photosynthetic pigment contents. The monochromatic light could reduce the synthesis of all pigments, but the reduction degree was different, which may relate to the spectral absorption characteristics of pigments. It was speculated that P. yezoensis adapted to a specific or changing light environments by regulating the synthesis of pigments to achieve the best use of light energy in photosynthesis and premium growth and metabolism.

• 생태와환경
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2007

계면활성제의 주된 원료이며 Estrogenic hormone으로 알려진 nonylphenol이 수중생태계 먹이망의 하등생물군 성장에 미치는 독성영향을 파악하고자, 배양중인 조류(Microcytis aeruginosa), 편모충(Diphylleia rotans), 소형 (Brachionus calyciflorus) 및 대형동물플랑크톤(Daphnia magna)에 다양한 농도로 제작된 NP을 처리하고 각 개체군의 성장 및 동물플랑크톤 B. calyciflorus, D. magna의 발생특성을 각각 조사하였다. 예비실험을 통하여, 투여농도는 개체군에 따라 조류(0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 1.00mg $L^{-1}$), Diphylleia rotans (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), Brachionus calyciflorus (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), Daphnia magna (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) 등으로 $4{\sim}5$단계 농도를 처리하였으며, 독성효과는 각 개체군의 현존량 변화로 산정 하였으며 실험은 각각 3회씩 반복 실행하였다. 분석결과, 예상했던 것처럼 모든 개체군은 NP농도가 증가할수록 강한 성장 억제를 보였다. 조류실험에서는 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$, D. rotans와 B. calyciflorus는 공히 10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, 대형동물플랑크톤 D. magna는 5.0 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$부터 각각 유의한 성장억제를 보였다. Nonylphenol에 대한 각 개체군의 $EC_{50}$은 B. calyciflorus (2.49 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) < D. rotans (3.49 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) < D. magna (7.61 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) < M. aeruginosa (47 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) 의 순으로 나타나 NP에 대해 조류세포가 가장 강한 내성을 보인 반면 B. calyciflorus가 가장 약한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동물플랑크톤의 발생에 있어서 B. calyciflorus는 NP농도$(0.1{\sim}1{\mu}g\;L^{-1})$, D. magna는 이보다 약간 높은 NP농도 $(0.5{\sim}5{\mu}g\;L^{-1})$에서 공히 내구란이 형성되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 조류섭식자인 편모충이나 동물플랑크톤은 모두 nonylphenol에 대하여 조류보다 내성이 극히 약하며 특히 발생계에 치명적인 영향을 받기 때문에 NP가 유입되는 수계에 있어서 섭식자 소멸로 인한 식물플랑크톤 대발생의 인자로 작용할 수 있음을 시사해 주고 있다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2020

해조류는 분해에 어려움이 없고 부산물 역시 사료와 비료 등으로 이용이 가능해 에너지로의 전환율이 높으며 성장과정에서의 탄소 흡수능력과 원료 생산에 특별한 비용이 들지 않고 빠른 생장속도와 넓은 재배 면적으로 이용가치가 높은 바이오매스로 볼 수 있다. 우리나라는 삼면이 바다로 둘러싸여 있어 해조류 양식 발달 되어 왔으며, 2018년 기준 해조류 생산량은 총 1,722,486ton이며 이중 96% 이상을 차지하는 다시마(Saccharina japonica), 김(Porphyra tenera), 미역(Undaria pinnatifida)은 제품화 되는 과정에서 많은 양이 부산물로 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해조류 부산물의 혐기소화를 위하여 다시마, 미역, 김의 이화학적 성상을 분석하였으며, 이론적 메탄퍼텐셜과 생물화학적 메탄퍼텐셜(BMP)을 분석하여 혐기적 메탄생산 수율을 파악하였다. 다시마, 미역, 김의 이론적 메탄퍼텐셜은 0.393, 0.373, 0.435 N㎥/kg-VS로 나타났으며, 회분식 혐기반응기를 이용한 생물화학적 메탄생산퍼텐셜을 Modified gompertz model로 분석한 결과 0.226, 0.227, 0.241 N㎥/kg-VS로 산출되었으며, Parallel first order kinetics model로 분석한 결과 0.220, 0.243, 0.240 N㎥/kg-VS로 산출되었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.522-528
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 3종류의 목질계 바이오매스와 4종류의 해조류 바이오매스를 전처리와 효소가수분해 과정을 통하여 얻은 환원당을 이용하여 C. saccharophila를 배양하였다. 얻어진 가수분해물을 활성탄 처리 유무에 따라 배양한 결과, 목질계 바이오매스와 해조류 바이오매스 가수분해물을 활성탄 처리하지 않은 경우에는 C. saccharophila의 성장이 저해되었다. 목질계 바이오매스인 유채대와 보리대 그리고 볏짚과 해조류 바이오매스인 미역, 다시마, 파래 그리고 꼬시래기 가수분해물의 경우 활성탄 등으로 처리한 경우에서 목질계 바이오매스와 해조류 바이오매스 가수분해물에서 C. saccharophila의 성장이 관찰되었다. 미세조류의 생산성과 oil 함량, chlorophyll 등을 고려하였을 때 목질계 바이오매스와 해조류 바이오매스는 C. saccharophila의 product 생산을 위한 배양에 이점을 가지며, 특히 chlorophyll 생산에 보다 유용하리라 판단된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2004

농약 등 화학물질의 생태독성평가에서 주요 이용되는 수서무척추동물로 국제적으로 추천하고 있는 물벼룩은 D. magna이다. 하지만 D. magna는 국내에 서식하지 않는 종이므로 우리나라 환경에 적합한 생태 위해성평가를 위해서는 국내에 서식하는 대표종에 대한 독성시험법을 개발할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내에 서식하는 물벼룩 중에 농업환경에서의 대표종 4종(Daphnia obtusa, Daphnia sp., Moina macrocopa, Simocephalus vetulus)을 선정하여 이들 종에 대한 최적실내사육조건을 확립하고자 3종의 조류를 배양한 후 냉장보관 하면서 먹이의 종류 및 양에 따른 물벼룩의 생육특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 시험에 사용된 국내산 물벼룩은 국제적인 추천종인 D. magna에 비해 먹이의 양이 절반 정도 수준에서도 잘 생육하는 것으로 조사되었고 특히 Chlorella가 가장 적합한 먹이인 것으로 나타났는데, Chlorella의 최적 투여농도는 $25\times10^4\sim50\times10^4$cells/mL 이었다.