• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.118-128
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines the international R&D contest in which the extent of intellectual property right (IPR) affects both the size of prize for the winning firm and the extent of positive spillover through cost of firms. Recognizing the possibility of incomplete protection of IPR, the present paper analyzes the effect of changes in the extent of IPR on payoffs to firms and social welfare. Design/methodology - This paper examines coordination of IPRs by countries in economic integration. The paper then develops a general model of international R&D contest with incomplete protection of IPR. An increase in the extent of IPR augments the share of the prize the winning firm can appropriate, while decreasing the positive cost externality. To derive sharper results, the paper considers the cases of linear and fixed spillovers. Findings - Under plausible assumptions, an increase in the IPR augments the payoff to each firm and the aggregate payoffs as well. The paper also shows that the number of firms participating in the R&D contest can be endogenously determined in the two-stage R&D contest. The higher the extent of cost spillover, and the larger the effective prize, the more firms participate in the international R&D contest. Originality/value - Existing studies assume that firms winning the R&D contest enjoy perfect IPR to the output of their R&D activities. This is a very restrictive assumption in that other firms can copy the new products or processes. By allowing for the incompleteness of the IPR, the present paper develops a more realistic model of R&D contest. The novelty of the present paper is to allow for the possibility that the higher extent of IPR increases the prize and decreases positive cost externality at the same time. The findings of the present paper can serve as a basis for government policy toward R&D activities of firms and protection of IPRs.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1D
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• pp.35-43
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• 2008

This paper mainly deals with the performance evaluation of 33 asphalt sections of Korea Expressway Corporation Test Road (KECTR) during the past four years. Since the construction of the KECTR in December 2002, key performance indicators of asphalt pavements have been collected five times with an Automatic Road Analyzer (ARAN), and have been analyzed for permanent deformation, surface distress, and road roughness. Linear viscoelastic characteristics of four dense graded HMAs used in KECTR were investigated with a series of complex modulus test. The effect of air void in HMAs on dynamic modulus was investigate at two air void contents for a surface course HMA (19 mm Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate). Layer densification due to traffic was estimated from air void contents of field cored samples, and was correlated with pavement distresses and performances. One of findings of this study was that both permanent deformation and cracking were suspectible to pavement temperatures, rather than traffic. However, it was found that road roughness was mostly affected by traffic loading.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2019

Objective: Dairy cattle nutrient requirement systems acknowledge amino acid (AAs) requirements in aggregate as metabolizable protein (MP) and assume fixed efficiencies of MP used for milk protein. Regulation of mammary protein synthesis may be associated with AA input and milk protein output. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsified methionine and cysteine on the in-vitro expression of milk protein (casein) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells). Methods: Methionine and cysteine were nonionized using Lipoid S 75 by high-speed homogenizer. The nanoemulsified AA particle size and polydispersity index were determined by dynamic light scattering correlation spectroscopy using a high-performance particle sizer instrument. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity effect of AAs with and without nanoionization at various concentrations (100 to $500{\mu}g/mL$) in mammary epithelial cells. MAC-T cells were subjected to 100% of free AA and nanoemulsified AA concentration in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) for the analysis of milk protein (casein) expression by the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The AA-treated cells showed that cell viability tended to decrease (80%) in proportion to the concentration before nanogenesis, but cell viability increased as much as 90% after nanogenesis. The analysis of the expression of genetic markers related to milk protein indicated that; ${\alpha}_{s2}$-casein increased 2-fold, ${\kappa}$-casein increased 5-fold, and the amount of unchanged ${\beta}$-casein expression was nearly doubled in the nanoemulsified methionine-treated group when compared with the free-nanoemulsified methionine-supplemented group. On the contrary, the non-emulsified cysteine-administered group showed higher expression of genetic markers related to milk protein ${\alpha}_{s2}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, and ${\beta}$-casein, but all the genetic markers related to milk protein decreased significantly after nanoemulsification. Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of factors, such nanogenesis of methionine, associated with increasing cysteine and decreasing production of genetic markers related to milk protein (casein) will help guide future recommendations to producers for maximizing milk yield with a high level of milk protein casein.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.457-464
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• 2009

Fiber is an important ingredient in fiber-reinforced cement composite (FRCC) which can control fracture of cement composite by bridging action. In compliance with the action of the fiber and the aggregate size, it also showed a different failure mechanism. For practical application, it is needed to investigate the fracture behavior of the FRCC and to understand the micro-mechanism of cement matrix with reinforcing fiber. In order to evaluate a characteristics of fracture process in the FRCC, acoustic emission (AE) technique was used for the analysis and evaluation of FRCC damage by acoustic emission under flexural and cyclic compressive loadings. The AE signals were monitored by AMSY4 AE instrument during the entire loading period. The specimens are reinforced with 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (by volume) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber. The test results showed that the damage progress of the FRCC was characteristic for the fiber replacement ratio. As a result of analyzing the felicity ratio (FR) values, it is shown that this values can be used for evaluating the degree of FRCC damage. On the whole the felicity ratio values of FRCC are shown between 0.4 and 1.1. And, the AE kaiser effect was shown in the all FRCC specimen. In addition, the damage behavior and the microscopic fracture process of the FRCC are evaluated using the AE parameters, such as calm ratio, b-value and felicity ratio. The purpose of this reserch was to advance the state of knowledge regarding the applicability of acoustic emission as an evaluation method for FRCC.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2016

Permeability can not be expressed as a function of porosity alone, it depends on the porosity, pore size and distribution, and tortuosity of pore channels in concrete. There has been considerable interest in the relationship between microstructure and transport in cementitious materials, however, it is very rare to deal with the theoretical study on gas permeability coefficient in connection with carbonation of concrete and the effect of volumetric fraction of cement paste or aggregate on the permeability coefficient. The majority of these researches have not dealt with this issue combined with carbonation of concrete, although carbonation can significantly impact on the permeability coefficient of concrete. In this study, fundamental approach to compute gas permeability of (non)carbonated concrete is suggested. For several compositions of cement pastes, the gas permeability coefficient was calculated with the analytical formulation, followed by a microstructure-based model. For carbonated concrete, reduced porosity was calculated and this was used for calculating the gas permeability coefficeint. As the result of calculation of gas permeability for carbonated concrete, carbonation leaded to the significant reduction of gas permeability coefficient and this was obvious for concrete with high w/c ratio. Meanwhile, the relationship between gas permeability and water permeability has a linear function for cement paste based on Klinkenberg effect, however, which is not effective for concrete. For the evidence of the modeling, YOON's test was accomplished and these results were compared to each other.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.2 s.175
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• pp.183-190
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• 2007

Soil layer in vegetation filter strip is one of the very important factor for reduction of non-point pollutants by physical, chemical and biological reactions of it through infiltration process. This study was carried out to prepare more effective vegetation filter strip through modification of soil layer for river water quality improvement. Therefore, the main aims of this study are to compare and evaluate normal (straighten type) and modified (step type) vegetation filter strip, which make artificially change the soil layer to improve infiltration ability, through bench scale experiments. In the results of this study, vegetation filter strip of step type is much more highly reduction effectiveness of pollutants in surface flow compared with normal vegetation filter strip. In case of below effluent, however, it appeared that the vegetation filter strip modified soil layer showed lower reduction effectiveness of pollutants than the general vegetation filter strip. This result was judged because effluent through the vegetation filter strip of step type passed bigger size of aggregate or sand than the vegetation filter strip of straighten type. If we compare it as a definition of pollutant load to estimate total amount of reduced pollutants by vegetation filter strip, reduced pollutants load by step type showed higher than those by straighten type because below effluent amount relied on total effluent amount was higher at step type (4%) than at straighten type (2%). In conclusion, the vegetation filter strip of step type to improve infiltration effect is much more reduction effectiveness of pollutants than vegetation filter strip of straighten type.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.764-769
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• 2010

We investigated influence of continious application of gypsum (G: $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), popped rice hulls (H) and zeolite (Z) on soil aggregation of reclaimed sandy loam soils. The application rates amended to fine sandy loam from reclaimed soils at Kyehwado were varied as follows:1550 (G1), 3100 (G2), 6200 (G3), 1000 (H1), 2000 (H2), 3000 (H3), and 200 (HZ1), 400 (HZ2) and 800 (HZ3) added to 1500(H) kg $10a^{-1}$, respectively. Soil aggregates were analyzed for 60, 90 and 120 days after treatments (DAT). At 60 DAT, The amount of aggregate from soil samples treated with gypsum was slightly increased with G1 while the aggregation was decreased by 4.66% for G3 for soil aggregates than thar of control. The treatments of H or HZ were effective in soil aggregation. The effect of treatment was in the order of H > HZ > G. At 90 DAT, increasing amount of gypsum attributed to decrease in soil aggregates. Therefore, we could conclude that suitable amounts of gypsum for soil aggregation in fine sandy loam might be 1550 kg $10a^{-1}$ or less. H1 increased aggregation by 7% for aggregate size between 1.0 and 2.0 mm. HZ1 was most effective in aggregation by 52.78% among the treatments while H2 and HZ3 51.50% and 48.51% at 120 DAT, respectively. As a result, we found that the effect of the treatment for soil amendments was in order of H > HZ > G.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.35-52
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• 2017

Interest and demand in heavy cargo logistics is increasing and becoming more diverse as economic scales have expanded and manufacturing activity has increased. Although cargo moves via maritime and/or land transportation, there is currently insufficient research on the actual condition of heavy cargo logistics. The purpose of this study is to carry out an in-depth analysis of heavy cargo laws, systems, logistics patterns, and current transportation status. By proposing measures to solve existing problems, this study aims to make an important and ongoing contribution to the scarcely studied field of heavy cargo logistics. The result of regression analysis on the main seven factors show that transportation frequency and law/system structure have a positive effect on working conditions. Furthermore, the result of correlation analysis on the main seven factors show that the cargo weight variable is highly positively correlated with cargo size. Also, the working conditions variable is highly positively correlated with the law/system structure. Detailed proposal measures to solve existing problems are summarized as follows. First, it is necessary to establish a clear concept of heavy cargo as numerous existing definitions differ. Second, laws and provisions relating to maritime and land transportation of heavy cargo need to be established and consolidated as current applicable legislation is insufficient. Third, the classification system for heavy cargo transportation needs improvement. Fourth, it is necessary to improve transportation performance statistics and the aggregate criteria system. Finally, the management system of heavy cargo also needs improvement.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2016

Shear friction strength model of concrete was proposed to explain the direct friction mechanism at the concrete interfaces intersecting two structural elements. The model was derived from a mechanism analysis based on the upper-bound theorem of concrete plasticity considering the effect of transverse reinforcement and applied axial loads on the shear strength at concrete interfaces. Concrete was modelled as a rigid-perfectly plastic material obeying modified Coulomb failure criteria. To allow the influence of concrete type and maximum aggregate size on the effectiveness strength of concrete, the stress-strain models proposed by Yang et al. and Hordijk were employed in compression and tension, respectively. From the conversion of these stress-strain models into rigidly perfect materials, the effectiveness factor for compression, ratio of effective tensile strength to compressive strength and angle of concrete friction were then mathematically generalized. The proposed shear friction strength model was compared with 91 push-off specimens compiled from the available literature. Unlike the existing equations or code equations, the proposed model possessed an application of diversity against various parameters. As a result, the mean and standard deviation of the ratios between experiments and predictions using the present model are 0.95 and 0.15, respectively, indicating a better accuracy and less variation than the other equations, regardless of concrete type, the amount of transverse reinforcement, and the magnitude of applied axial stresses.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.15A no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2008

Streaming media has contributed to a significant amount of today's Internet Traffic. Like traditional web objects, rich media objects can benefit from proxy caching, but caching streaming media is more of challenging than caching simple web objects, because the streaming media have features such as huge size and high bandwidth. And to support various bandwidth requirements for the heterogeneous ubiquitous devices, a transcoding proxy is usually necessary to provide not only adapting multimedia streams to the client by transcoding, but also caching them for later use. The traditional proxy considers only a single version of the objects, whether they are to be cached or not. However the transcoding proxy has to evaluate the aggregate effect from caching multiple versions of the same object to determine an optimal set of cache objects. And recent researches about multimedia caching frequently store initial parts of videos on the proxy to reduce playback latency and archive better performance. Also lots of researches manage the contents with segments for efficient storage management. In this paper, we define the 9-events of transcoding proxy using 4-atomic events. According to these events, the transcoding proxy can define the next actions. Then, we also propose the segment-based caching policy for the transcoding proxy system. The performance results show that the proposing policy have a low delayed start time, high byte-hit ratio and less transcoding data.