• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-63
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• 2003

We accomplished numerical simulations for two-uniform-fiber concatenation with both polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) . The effective overall PMD is increased with the chirp parameter and the effective overall PDL is decreased with the chirp parameter. For PDL, chirping just makes the signal bandwidth wider, so makes the pulse be more depolarized than a chirp-free pulse. We showed that PDL increases the frequency dependence of the principal states of polarization, and the combination of this dependency and the bandwidth broadening by chirping can affect the effective PDL.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2011

Magnesium is one of the abundant natural resources in the earth crust and seawater, which is directly related to various organisms activities interconnecting with water-rock system. In aqueous system, magnesium is known to predominantly exist in the form of $Mg^{2+}$ ion which is verified in its $E_h-pH$ diagram. When it is at equilibrium in aqueous system, temperature takes an essential role to complete equilibrium states. This study represents the change of the stable region of magnesium ion according to temperature, and how the consequences would affect aquatic organisms. It was revealed that there is a noticeable tendency shrinking the stable region of magnesium ion in a diagram as temperature increases, and as a result, aquatic bio-species presumably have difficulties to absorb the nutrient. Also, it was considered that the water system would be acidified by decreasing alkalinity.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2020

The United Kingdom and the United States are designating and implementing enterprise zones for the purpose of promoting the revitalization of the local economy. However, there are still mixed views on the effectiveness of the Enterprise Zone's policies. At this point, the purpose of this study is to look at policies in the form of enterprise zones in the country and see how these policies affect the revitalization of the local economy. As a result of the analysis, the areas designated as enterprise zones were becoming more economically vitalize than those that were not. In addition, it was analyzed that redundant designation of enterprise zones has a greater effect on regional economic revitalization than single designation.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 2021

Presently, Online / Offline Users are facing cyber attacks every day. These cyber attacks affect user's performance, resources and various daily activities. Due to this critical situation, attention must be given to prevent such users through cyber attacks. The objective of this research paper is to improve the IDS systems by using machine learning approach to develop a hybrid model which controls the cyber attacks. This Hybrid model uses the available KDD 1999 intrusion detection dataset. In first step, Hybrid Model performs feature optimization by reducing the unimportant features of the dataset through decision tree, support vector machine, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and principal component analysis techniques. In second step, Hybrid Model will find out the minimum number of features to point out accurate detection of cyber attacks. This hybrid model was developed by using machine learning algorithms like PSO, GA and ELM, which trained the system with available data to perform the predictions. The Hybrid Model had an accuracy of 99.94%, which states that it may be highly useful to prevent the users from cyber attacks.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2021

This paper describes a novel zero-stress member selecting method for sizing optimization of truss structures. When a sizing optimization method with static constraints is implemented, the member stresses are affected sensitively with changing the variables. However, because some truss members are unaffected by specific loading cases, zero-stress states are experienced by the elements. The zero-stress members could affect the computational cost and time of sizing optimization processes. Feature selection approaches can be then used to eliminate the zero-stress member from the whole variables prior to the process of optimization. Several numerical truss examples are tested using the proposed methods.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.538-547
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• 2023

Rapid apple decline (RAD) is a complex phenomenon affecting cultivated apple trees and particularly dwarf rootstocks on grafted young apple trees. Since its first appearance in the United States, RAD has been reported worldwide, for example in Canada, South America, Africa, and Asia. The phenomenon has also been observed in apple orchards in Korea, and it presented similar symptoms regardless of apple cultivar and cultivation period. Most previous reports have suggested that RAD may be associated with multiple factors, including plant pathogenic infections, abiotic stresses, environmental conditions, and the susceptibility of trees to cold injury during winter. However, RAD was observed to be more severe and affect more frequently apple trees on the Malling series dwarf rootstock. In this study, we reviewed the current status of RAD worldwide and surveyed biotic and abiotic factors that are potentially closely related to it in Korea.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.252-283
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• 2020

Online retail is a growing opportunity for retailers and consumers. Cross-buying provides companies with an opportunity to increase their revenue contributions from existing consumers. In many fields, especially in the service sector, cross-selling is an easier strategy to use relative to increasing revenue rather than acquiring new consumers. Website personalization has been a powerful indispensable tool for web-based companies and end users. Using the Mehrabian and Russell's Stimulus-Organism-Response framework, we experimentally examined how an online retailing merchant's environmental stimuli (S) arouses internal affective and cognitive states (O), that affect consumers' approach-avoidance behavior (R) in cross-buying and shopping cart abandonment in online transactions.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate types of emotional experiences that college students undergo, particularly those affecting learning motivation and academic performance. To this end, six college students residing in Seoul, South Korea participated in a series of 'focus-group interview (FGI)' sessions in which in-depths discussions took place. The researcher attempted to draw the participant students' opinions and ideas as they made interactions with each other. Three participants were placed in each of two groups, and each group had approximately 90-minutes-long sessions. The results showed that positive emotions, such as joy and enthusiasm, can increase learning motivation and academic achievement, while negative emotions such as anxiety and stress can hinder them. The findings also highlight that students actively employ coping strategies to manage negative emotions. Moreover, the study underscores students' desire for improved emotional support from instructors, indicating a gap between their expectations and the actual emotional care provided in educational settings. Relevant issues are discussed for future suggestions.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.18-26
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• 2024

One of the newest trends in AI is emotion recognition utilizing keystroke dynamics, which leverages biometric data to identify users and assess emotional states. This work offers a comparison of four datasets that are frequently used to research keystroke dynamics: BB-MAS, Buffalo, Clarkson II, and CMU. The datasets contain different types of data, both behavioral and physiological biometric data that was gathered in a range of environments, from controlled labs to real work environments. Considering the benefits and drawbacks of each dataset, paying particular attention to how well it can be used for tasks like emotion recognition and behavioral analysis. Our findings demonstrate how user attributes, task circumstances, and ambient elements affect typing behavior. This comparative analysis aims to guide future research and development of applications for emotion detection and biometrics, emphasizing the importance of collecting diverse data and the possibility of integrating keystroke dynamics with other biometric measurements.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.135-167
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• 2006

Air service agreements between EU Member States and third countries concluded by Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom after the Second World War infringe EU law. They authorize the third countries to withdraw, suspend or limit the traffic rights of air carriers designated by the signatory States. According to the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC), these agreements infringe EU law in two respects. On the one hand, the presence of nationality clauses infringes the right of European airlines to non-discriminatory market access to routes between all Member States and third countries. On the other hand, only the EU has the authority to sign up to this type of commitment where agreements affect the exercise of EU competence, i.e. involve an area covered by EU legislation. The Court held that since the third countries have the right to refuse a carrier, these agreements therefore constitute an obstacle to the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, as the opening of European skies to third countries' companies is not reciprocal for all EU airlines. In the conclusion, in order to reconstruct these public international air law, The new negotiations between EU member states and third countries, especially the US, must be designed to ensure an adequate set of principles, so that Member States, in their bilateral relations with third countries in the area of air service, should consider following three models. The 1st, to develop a new model of public international air law such as a new Bermuda III. The 2nd, to reconstruct new freedoms of the air, for example, the 7th, 8th, and 9th freedoms. The 3rd, to explore new approaching models, such as complex system theory explored in the recent social sciences, to make access world-wide global problems instead of bilateral problems between EU member states and United States. The example will show any lessons to air talks between European Union and ROK.