• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1723-1725
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• 2010

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.98-113
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• 1995

The purpose of this study were two fold : first, to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on BP, pulse rate, body fat, body weight, symptoms of sterss response: and secondly, to apply the aerobic exercise on nursing practice in the healthy or ill subjects. In an attempt to investigate the physiological and psychological effect of exercise, a quasi -experiment, non-equivalent control group pre-test & post-test design was planned. Experiments were carried out from July 4, through August 30, 1994 with 37 subjects conveniently sampled from K & Y sports center located in Taejon. The 37 research subjects were assigned to experimental(16 subjects) and control(21 subjects) groups. Aerobic exercise was carried out for experimental group from three times to five times a week for 6 weeks in aerobic center. Data were analyzed with t-test, mean, per centage of change using SAS program. Results were obtained as follows: 1) Systolic blood pressure (M=123.75mmHg, % of change=1.12%) and diastolic blood pressure (M=74.38mmHg, % of change=5.79%) was increased on that of experimental group after 6 weeks experiment. But there was no significant difference between experimental group and control group. 2) Body weight was decreased on that of experimental group(M=56.54Kg, % of change=-1.60%) and that of control group(M=52.05, % of change=-0.99%) after 6 weeks. But there was no significant difference between experimental group and control group. 3) Body fat was decreased on that of experimental group(M=30.53%, % of change=-3.60%) and that of control group (M=28.75%, % of change=-3.52%) after 6 weeks. There was no significant difference between experimental group and control group. 4) Pulse rate was decreased on that of experimental group(M=69.19회/min, % of change -8.43%) and that of control group(M=76.0회/min, % change -0.07%) after 6weeks. There was significant difference(t=-2.621, P<0.05) between experimental group and control group. 5) Symptoms of stress response were decreased on that of experimental group(M=0.97) and that of control group(M=1.15) after 6 weeks. There was no significant difference between experimental group and control group. Therefore, adherence to aerobic exercise for 6 week seem to be affected mainly pulse rate of subjects. A futher study is necessary to determine the difference in the effect of variety exercise, programs, to study over 6 weeks, to produce professional educational program for exercise speciality nurses.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.301-306
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• 2013

This research was conducted to investigate whether sequential anoxic/aerobic biofilm reactors and microfilteration (MF) membrane system can be used as a direct treatment for the removal of perchlorate and nitrate in groundwater. The biofilm process consisted of an anoxic first stage to remove perchlorate and nitrate and aerobic second stage to remove remaining acetate used as a carbon source for dissimilatory reduction of perchlorate and nitrate. In final stage, hollow fiber MF membrane was used to remove turbidity. In this research, perchlorate was reduced from the influent concentration of 102 ${\mu}/L$ to below the IC detection level (5 ${\mu}/L$) and nitrate was reduced from 61.8 mg/L (14 mg/L $NO_3$-N) to 4.4 mg/L (1 mg/L $NO_3$-N). Acetate used as a carbon source was consumed from 179 mg/L $CH_3COO-$ to 117 and 11 mg/L $CH_3COO^-$ in effluents from anoxic and aerobic biofilm reactors, respectively. Turbidity was reduced from 3.0 NTU to 1.5, 0.3, and 0.2 NTU in effluents from anoxic/aerobic biofilm reactors and MF membrane, respectively. It is expected that the sequential anoxic/aerobic biofilm reactors and MF membrane system can efficiently remove perchlorate and nitrate in surface water or groundwater.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2006

To develop small-scale sewage treatment apparatus for detached house of agricultural village, a small-scale sewage treatment apparatus by natural purification method that consisted of aerobic and anaerobic bed was constructed. To reduce the area of a sewage treatment apparatus, four different fitter media were used and each filter medium was coarse sand, broken stone, steel slag, and mixed fitter media (coarse sand : broken stone : steel slag = 1:1:1). The efficiency of sewage treatment according to the depth of aerobic and anaerobic bed and the volume ratio of aerobic to anaerobic bed were investigated in small-scale sewage treatment apparatus. The removal rate of pollutants according to the depth of aerobic and anaerobic bed in small-scale sewage treatment apparatus was high in the order of 50 cm < 70 cm < 90 cm. The removal rate of pollutants according to the ratio of aerobic to anaerobic bed in small-scale sewage treatment apparatus was high in the order of 1:1 < 1:2 $\fallingdotseq$ 1:3. Under the optimum conditions, removal rate of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P were $98{\sim}99,\;95{\sim}97,\;99,\;65{\sim}66\;and\;96{\sim}99%$ respectively, in small-scale sewage treatment apparatus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.245-252
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise and Allium tuberosum intake on blood lipids, MDA and antioxidant enzyme in rats. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks old, were used. Experimental groups were aerobic exercise with Allium tuberosum intake group (A, n=6), aerobic exercise group (B, n=6), Allium tuberosum intake group (C, n=6), and the control group (D, n=6). Aerobic exercise was administered through a treadmill running program (14~15 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade, 25~30 min/day, 5 day/wk) and these rats were given 5% Allium tuberosum for 2 wk. The results of this study are as follows: TC and TG didn't show change; groups A, B, C showed a significant increase in HDL-C compared to the D group; groups A, B, and C showed a significant decrease in LDL-C compared to the D group; groups B and C showed a significant decrease in MDA level compared to the D group; groups B and C showed a significant increase in SOD activity compared to the D group; and the A group showed a significant increase in CAT activity compared to the D group. In conclusion, low intensity aerobic exercise and intake of the natural antioxidant Allium tuberosum seem to have the health promoting effect of retarding oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1292-1300
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• 2020

Objective: To explore feed resources capable of replacing regular poor-quality fodder, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage. Methods: The mulberry leaves were ensiled either untreated (control) or treated with 1×10⁶ cfu/g fresh matter Lactobacillus plantarum (L), 1% glucose (G), 3% molasses (M), a combination of 1% glucose and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+G), and a combination of 3% molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+M). The fermentation quality and chemical composition were analyzed after 7, 14, 30, and 60 d, respectively. The 60-d silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test and fermented with buffered rumen fluid to measure the digestibility. Results: Inoculating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) resulted in more rapid increase in lactic acid concentrations and decline in pH of mulberry leaves silage as compared control. Higher acetic acid and lower ethanol and ammonia nitrogen concentrations (p<0.05) were observed in the LAB-inoculated silages as opposed to control during ensiling. The LAB-inoculated silages contained lower water-soluble carbohydrates compared with control during the first 14 d of ensiling, and lower neutral detergent fibre (p<0.05) concentrations as compared with non-LAB inoculated silages. Adding molasses alone increased (p<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter (DM). The aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage was increased by LAB inoculation, whereas decreased by adding glucose or molasses. Conclusion: The LAB inoculation improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage, while adding glucose or molasses failed to affect the fermentation and impaired the aerobic stability. Inoculating LAB alone is recommended for mulberry leaves especially when ensiled at a relatively high DM.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.657-663
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cheonggukjang diet and aerobic exercise on lipid metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in rats. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into a cheonggukjang diet with aerobic exercise (A), aerobic exercise (B), cheonggukjang diet (C), and control group (D). The cheonggukjang diet group consumed 20 g of 20% cheonggukjang a day with their normal diet. Exercise training consisted of treadmill running (25~40 min, 5 day/wk) and the exercise intensity was gradually increased. The results are as follows: T-C was significantly lower (p<0.05) in A compared to B and C. TG was significantly lower (p<0.001) in A compared to D. B and C were significantly lower than D. HDL-C was significantly higher (p<0.05) in C compared to D. LDL-C was not statistically different across the groups. Additionally, TBARS were not statistically different in the control or experimental groups. SOD was significantly lower (p<0.05) in A compared to D. C was significantly lower (p<0.05) that of D. CAT and GPx failed to reach the statistical difference between experimental and control groups. The major findings of this study were that aerobic exercise with a chenggukjang diet intervention improved lipid profiles and antioxidant capacity in this animal model. Therefore, a cheonggukjang diet and aerobic exercise will help to improve antioxidant capacity and prevent lifestyle related diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1137-1152
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• 2016

Cells sense, respond, and adapt to a low oxygen environment called hypoxia, which is widely involved in a variety of human diseases. Adaptation to low oxygen concentrations includes gene expression changes by inducing hypoxic genes and reducing aerobic genes. Recently, the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been implicated in the control of these oxygen-regulated genes when cells experience hypoxia. In order to obtain an insight into an effect of the mitochondrial respiratory chain on cellular response to hyxpoxia, we here examined whole genome transcript signatures of respiration-proficient and respiration-deficient budding yeasts exposed to hypoxia using DNA microarrays. By comparing whole transcriptomes to hypoxia in respiration-proficient and respiration-deficient yeasts, we found that there are several classes of oxygen-regulated genes. Some of them require the mitochondrial respiratory chain for their expression under hypoxia while others do not. We found that the majority of hypoxic genes and aerobic genes need the mitochondrial respiratory chain for their expression under hypoxia. However, we also found that there are some hypoxic and aerobic genes whose expression under hypoxia is independent of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These results indicate a key involvement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in oxygen-regulated gene expression and multiple mechanisms for controlling oxygen-regulated gene expression. In addition, we provided gene ontology analyses and computational promoter analyses for hypoxic genes identified in the study. Together with differentially regulated genes under hypoxia, these post-analysis data will be useful resources for understanding the biology of response to hypoxia.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.968-975
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• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to examine effects of different exercise training modes (Aerobic Training, Resistance Training) on exercise specificity and transability. The tested subjects, composed of 10 healthy males without known family history or medical illnesses, were divided into two groups: Aerobic Training Group (ATG; n=5) and Resistance Training Group (RTG; n=5). An aerobic training program, based on maximum oxygen consumption rates taken during standard testing, was conducted in 60 minute sessions 3 times a week, and the Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption rate was measured the using Polar. In the weight training program, based on repetition maximum rate (1-RM) taken during standard testing, the weight at 70% of such rates was measured during 60 minute sessions of 7 categories of exercise (Bench press, Leg press, Squat, Shoulder press, Arm curt Lat pull down, Triceps pull down), conducted 3 times a week. The data collected from this research were calculated to obtain average and differences compared to standards using an SPSS 11.0 statistics package. In conclusion, increase in V0$_{2max}$ and production of NO$_x$ (NO$_2$/NO$_3$), reduction of %fat, MAPwere shown effective in aerobic training and in different exercise tests, and aerobic testing within the aerobic training group (ATG) was shown to be more effective. In contrast, resistance training was shown to be more effective for the reduction of CK and LDH, and even in different tests, the resistance test within the resistance training group (RTG) showed to be more effective. Exercise specificity also significantly increased in both groups (ATG, RTG). but there was no significant difference in transability in both groups (ATG, RTG).