• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.305-319
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• 2005

The subjects of this study were 210 fathers and mothers of 5-year-old preschoolers. Data were analyzed by correlation and regression. Results showed that "activity" was negatively related to children's self-control. Adaptability and rhythmics, however, were positively related to children's self-control in girl Mothers' imperative control was negatively but her position-oriented control and person-oriented control were positively related to the elf-control of boys. Mothers' position-oriented control and person-oriented control were positively related to the self-control of girls. but there were no significant relations found between mothers' imperative control and children's self-control Fathers' person-oriented control was related to the self-control of boys. Finally, both for boys and girls, "activity" was the most influential variable in children's self-control among the four sub-scales of temperament and parental modes of verbal control.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.17-30
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of young children's temperament, emotional intelligence, social behavior and mother's personality traits, and management strategy of peer relations on peer acceptance. Subjects were 412 5-years-old children and their mothers in Busan. The children responded to the Peer Nomination Inventory to assess peer acceptance and their teachers completed the EAS(Emotionality, Activity, Sociability), to assess the emotional intelligence and social behavior of the children. Mothers completed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for personality traits and the Parental Involvement Checklist. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and simple and multiple regression analyses. The results showed that emotional intelligence of young children had a relatively significant effect on peer acceptance, followed by personality traits of mother's extraversion, the temperament of activity, and the management strategy of mediation-supervision. In conclusion, young children and their mother's variables have a complex, rather than simple, effect on peer acceptance of the children.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.979-989
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between dietary behavior and temperament & character in preschool children, and to offer basic data that can be applied for nutrition education and counseling. A total of 211 parents of preschool children aged 3~5 years performed the Korean version of Preschool Temperament and Character Inventory (K-psTCI), a questionnaire based on Cloninger's seven-factor model of personality, along with a questionnaire about the dietary behaviors of their children. K-psTCI represented seven factors such as harm avoidance (HA), novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence (RD), persistence (P), self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (CO), and self-transcendence (ST). The subjects were divided into either the high rank group or low rank group based on the mean score of each factor. The high rank group of HA showed significantly less physical activity and less appetite than the low rank group of HA. The children in the high rank of NS were more likely to have picky eating and a late night snack. The children in the low rank of SD or CO were more likely to have undesirable dietary behaviors, such as picky eating, too much snacking, and lower appetite than those in the high rank of SD or CO. In conclusion, individual temperament & character in preschool children may be associated with their dietary behavior, and understanding temperament & character in children may be important facts to screen and to develop an effective nutrition education program for children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.245-258
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mother's parenting stress and child's temperament, mother's temperament, and poorness-of-fit. The subjects were 236 mothers of 4- to 6-year-old children in Seoul. Data was analyzed by correlation, analysis of variance, and stepwise regression analysis. Results showed that most poorness-of-fit of emotionality was due child's high-mother's high (CH-MH) and high-low (CH-ML) combination. Most poorness-of-fit (activity as well as sociability) was associated with child's low-mother's low (CL-ML) and low-high (CL-MH) combination. Mothers who had a highly emotional child and who were in poorness-of-fit emotionality perceived more hassles and more intensive daily parenting stress. It was also found that the most significant variable predicting mother's hassles and daily stress intensity was poorness-of-fit of emotionality, followed by mother's emotionality.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.151-168
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate which variables predicted parenting efficacy. The variables of interest were demographic variables regarding both the infants and mothers, infant temperament and development, maternal parenting knowledge, parenting belief, and parenting stress. The subjects consisted of 260 infants and mothers. Data on infant's temperament, parenting knowledge, parenting belief, parenting stress and parenting efficacy were gathered through maternal self-reported questionnaires. Furthermore, infant development was assessed by classroom teacher. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. Our results indicated that infant's sociability and activity, parenting knowledge about emotional development, parenting beliefs emphasizing the role of nature in infant development, low parenting stress all predicted parenting efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to identify parental stress of working mothers with young children and to fine its rented variables. subjects were consisted of 108 working mothers who had children from 3 to 6 ages. The measurement instruments are the questionnaire which consisting the following parts; Parenting Daily Hassles, Employment Subjective Expected Utility, Beck Depression Inventory, Emotionality, Activity, Sociablity Temperament Scale. The data were analyzed by the statistical method based on frequency, percentile, t-test, F-test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. The main results were as follows: 1. Parental stress of working mother had a significant correlation with working mothers' negative attitudes for their occupations. 2. The higher working mothers' depression resulted in the higher working parental stress. 3. There was a significant positive correlation between children's difficult temperament and parental stress of working mothers. 4. The influential variables on parental stress of working mothers were mothers' attitude to her occupations and children's temperament.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.2 s.216
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• pp.83-91
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• 2006

The study examined the relations of peer acceptance to children's temperament, maternal self-efficacy, and paternal involvement. A total of 405 children (189 popular children, 216 unpopular children; aged 5 years old) and their parents were studied. The children's peer acceptance was measured by peer nomination and the mother's parenting efficacy and father's child rearing involvement were assessed by a parent reported questionnaire. In the results, popular children recorded higher scores than unpopular children in sociability, activity, maternal parenting efficacy, and paternal child rearing involvement.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.78-93
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to develop a rating scale for measuring children's temperament. The subjects were 622(324 boys and 298 girls) 3-to 7-year-old children. The temperament rating scale was composed of 50 items(4-point Liken scales) was based on mother's interview, RITQ and PTQ. The raters were the subjects' mothers. The data were analysed on dimensions of validity, reliability, and item discrimination. Statistical methods were factor analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, and calculations of Pearson's r Cramer's V and Cronbach's $\alpha$. On validity 5 factors were extracted, which explained 84% of the total common variance. The 5 factors were named 'malleability', 'activity', 'sensitive reactivity', 'eating habits & physical constraints', 'physiological rhythmicity'. Regarding reliability, Cronbach's $\alpha$ appeared between .66 and .81 among the 5 factors. Regarding item discrimination, the degree of discrimination on all 50 items was significant and acceptable.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.191-204
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• 2009

The purpose of the current study was to validate the ECBQ (Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire) scale. Data were collected from the 39 teachers of 338 18- to 36-month-old toddlers (181 boys and 157 girls) in Korea. The ECBQ scale was composed of 201 items (7-point Likert scale) with three dimensions. Reliability of this study was confirmed by Cronbach ${\alpha}$'s for ECBQ subscales ranging from .76 to .81. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis identified three dimensions of ECBQ : activity-non activity, extraversion-attention, negative affectivity-transformation. Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the hierarchic model. There was a significant relationship between temperament and adjustment of infants. It was concluded that the ECBQ scale in general is acceptable for use in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.103-123
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• 2018

This study investigated the structural relationships among infant's cognitive and communication ability, temperament, teacher-infants interaction, and mothers' parenting stress. Subjects used in this study were 249 infnats whose mean age of 30.21 months, and who were attended in preschool in S city. Research instruments used in collecting data were 'K-ASQ(Korean Ages and Stages Questionnaires)', 'EAS(Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability-Temperament Survey for Children-Parental Ratings)', 'PSI/SF(Parenting Stress Index/ Short Form)', 'ECOI'. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 program. Pearson's correlation and Structural equation model analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings are as follows. First, there were positive correlations between infant's cognitive and communication ability with social-ability temperament, teacher-infants interaction. There were negative correlations between infant's cognitive and communication ability with infant's emotionality temperament, mothers' parenting stress. Second, social-ability temperament directly affected disposition toward cognitive ability, but in-direct effect was not significant. Emotionality temperament partially mediated the effects of parenting stress toward cognitive ability. Third, social ability directly affected disposition toward language ability, but in-direct effect was not significant. There has no significant path of temperament to teacher-child interaction, but teacher-child interaction has direct effect to infant's cognitive ability. Finally, all path about infant's communication ability were not significant.