• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1027-1032
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• 2016

Antigen is substance causing disease derived from pathogen. Living organism has the immune system in terms of defense mechanism against antigen. Antigen is processed through several pathways such as phagocytosis, antibody action, complement activation, and cytotoxins by NK or cytotoxic T lymphocyte via MHC molecule. Lymph node (LN) is comprised of the complicated 3 dimensional network and several stromal cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) are distributed in T zone for interaction with T cells. FRC produces the extra cellular matrix (ECM) into LN for ECM reorganization against pathogen infections and secretes homing chemokines. However, it has not so much been known about the involvement of the antigen process of FRC. The present report is for the function of FRC on antigen process. For this, FRC was positioned with several infected situations such as co-culture with macrophage, T cell, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα stimulation. When co-culture between FRC with macrophage and T cells was performed, morphological change of FRC was observed and empty space between FRCs was made by morphological change. The matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP) activity was up-regulated by Y27632 and T cells onto FRC. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine, TNFα regulated the expression of adhesion molecules and MHC I antigen transporter in FRC by gene chip assay. NO production was elevated by FRC monolayer co-cultured with macrophage stimulated by LPS. GFP antigen was up-taken by macrophage co-cultured with FRC. Collectively, it suggests that FRC assists of the facilitation of antigen process and LN stroma is implicated into antigen process pathway.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.46
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• pp.181-206
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• 2017

In the near future, we are expected to live in a Mixed Reality environment where reality and virtuality coexist as today we live using the Internet and smartphones in our daily lives. The relevant content based on the idea of Mixed Reality crystallizing is currently expanding, and it is time for research on it. This study examines the current situation and the development direction of mixed reality contents. Typical mixed reality contents can be classify by wearability. We analyzed HoloLens, a mixed reality wearable device that is worn on a head, which is a example of wearable device. As an example of unwearable device, we also analyzed the Room2Room which is a communication system that combines video with augmented reality-based telepresence avatar. Mixed Reality content will develop in the direction of implementing expanded use of information and more natural realism through the interactive combination of Reality, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality. As head-mounted wearable technology develops, Mixed Reality content is expected to become popular by increasing the number of Mixed Reality device users if convenience and price competitiveness are secured. The way of unifying Mixed Reality wearable devices must be established in order to increase convenience, and the environment based on Mixed Reality will be created through diversifying leisure activity content. Telepresence Avatar is expected to develop into Mobile Hologram Avar as Mixed Reality content accessible anywhere and at anytime beyond space limits. Another potential for development of Telepresence Avatar is the combination of Avatar moving on user's thought, Augmented Human technology and Mixed Reality.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.85-94
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently, Mobile technologies and devices including smart phones and tablets have increased the possibility of communicating with other people and sharing personal information without time and space restriction. In order to realize the market potential related to mobile technologies, a large number of internet services have been incorporated into mobile platforms. Especially, The number of MIM(Mobile Instant Messenger) users has been increasing dramatically and services using MIM platform also have diversified. In spite of drastic growth in markets related to MIM, there is little empirical research on MIM and users' behaviors. This study designed to examine the structural relationships among belongingness, loneliness, self-disclosure intention, system quality, and self-disclosure behavior in context of MIM. Research design, data, and methodology - Three hypotheses were about the relationship among belongingness, loneliness and self-disclosure intention. The other two hypotheses were about the moderating effect of system quality in the causal relationship between self-disclosure intention and self-disclosure behavior. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling. Research data were obtained from 330 undergraduate students who were KakaoTalk users and total 314 valid questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Results - The results from this study are as follow. First, the belongingness and the loneliness had a significant impact on self-disclosure intention in MIM. Second, the self-disclosure intention in MIM also had a positive impact on the self-disclosure behavior. Lastly, there is a moderating effect of the system quality in the relationship between the self-disclosure intention and self-disclosure behavior in MIM. Specifically, the higher system quality level was perceived, the positive effect of the self-disclosure intention in MIM on the self-disclosure behavior was greater. Conclusions - Based on the results from this study, academic and practical implications can be drawn. First, the study extends the scope of research about SNS through focusing on MIM to be classified by closed type SNS and identifies the relationship between emotion, behavioral intention and behaviors in MIM. Second, this study provides strategic guidelines to increase the efficiency for promotion activity. Limitations for the study also should be discussed.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.487-497
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• 2014

Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate a multi-purpose rollator, which may be used as a seat, as a traditional walker, or as a storage basket for elderly farmers. Background: The rollators on the market are not user-friendly designed and seen inconvenient for elderly farmers to use, although they are sold at considerably high price. Since they lack enough space to load stuffs and are not durable or stable enough, they do not seem to be suitable for elderly farmers to use in rural areas. Method: Two types of methods were used in this study. First, the survey consisted of 19 questions was conducted among elderly farmers in rural areas, after using the developed rollator, to evaluate the usability of the rollator developed in this study. Second, EMG experiment was conducted to compare the existing rollator and developed rollator quantitatively. Through this experiment, we tried to verify the differences of muscle responses, when using the traditional and the developed ones, which have their own brake system, in the ramp. Results: The developed rollator was highly evaluated in most of the questions in the usability survey, except for the 'Weight' category in which the opinions were divided into three different types (Worse: 31%, Similar: 30%, Better: 36%). The result of EMG experiment showed that the existing rollator (7.4%MVC) demands more muscle strength than the developed rollator (5.5%MVC) does. By statistically analyzing the results of upper limb and lower limb respectively, we found out that all the muscles except deltoid in upper limb showed statistically significant differences in muscle activity when using the existing and the developed rollator. However, there was no statistical difference in lower limb muscles. Conclusion: The developed rollator in this study has maximized the functionality of the brake system, the storage and the chair, which were pointed out as the weaknesses of existing rollators. Furthermore, the developed rollator is designed to be more user-friendly, safe, durable, and effective for elderly farmers to use in rural areas, where roads are rough and bumpy. Application: We expect that the emergency brake system developed in this study would be utilized for other convenience equipment, such as strollers and carts, and that it would be able to develop and produce more secure and reliable equipment in the future.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.806-812
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• 2008

The ammonia decomposition reaction has been of increasing interest as a means of treating ammonia in flue gas in the presence of precious metal catalyst. Various catalysts, $Pt-Rh/Al_2O_3$, $Pt-Rh/TiO_2$, $Pt-Rh/ZrO_2$, $Pt-Pd/Al_2O_3$, $Pd-Rh/Al_2O_3$, $Pd-Rh/TiO_2$, $Pd-Rh/ZrO_2$, $Pt-Pd-Rh/Al_2O_3$, $Pd/Ga-Al_2O_3$, $Rh/Ga-Al_2O_3$, and Ru/Ga-$Al_2O_3$, were synthesized by using excess wet impregnation method. Using a homemade 1/4" reactor at $10,000{\sim}50,000hr^{-1}$ of space velocity in the presence of precious metal catalyst ammonia decomposition reactions were carried out to investigate the catalyst activity. The inlet ammonia concentration was maintained at 2,000 ppm, with an air balance. Both $T_{50}$ and $T_{90}$, defined as the temperatures where 50% and 90% of ammonia, respectively, are converted, decreased significantly when alumina-supported catalysts were applied. In terms of catalytic performance on the ammonia conversion in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, $Pt-Rh/Al_2O_3$ catalyst showed no effect on the poisoning caused by hydrogen sulfide. These results indicate that platinum-rhodium bimetallic catalyst is a useful catalyst for ammonia decomposition.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.129-138
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• 2014

The Electronic contract means creation sign management and storage of contract by online without limitations of the time and space through the electronic signature and encode which based on the Certificate instead of the past that treatment the contract such as creation sign management and storage of contract by face-to-face. Recently, the remarkable development of information and communication technology with supplying the high-speed Internet services. Accordingly, the transaction contract made by these also, the steady legal effect occurred by two or more parties by legal action which is the electronic agreement of expression. and it makes agreement improving corporate productivity and it can control the whole process such as contract documents and the actual buying store provision. Like this it has many benefits so, it suddenly rising as the new axis of economic activity area, it is a reality. In this change of era, with the establishment of electronic contracts, there are many problems are occurred to the expression of parties which is core of the contract on civil code so, the systematic legal composition is required. Thus, in this study will propose the reasonable improvements about the issue of electronic contract through the consideration.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2011

Urban space is the main contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, a primary cause of global warming. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, planning at a city-level is necessary. The aim of this research is to develop a carbon emission model which can be used to create and manage urban spaces. In order to achieve this aim, the following methodologies were utilized. First, urban planning criteria related to population, landuse, and activity level were selected through theoretical speculation. Second, carbon dioxide emission was calculated based on electricity, gas energy, heating, petroleum, and water usages. Third, Seoul was selected as a case study city, and a carbon emission model was developed through a relational analysis between Seoul's urban planning criteria and carbon emissions. Thus far, various efforts have been made to respond to climate changes in urban spaces, but these have been limited to analyzing contributing factors in terms of their total amounts of carbon emissions in the entire city. However, the carbon emission model of this study is derived from urban planing criteria at a detailed scale. This sets our study apart from other studies by demonstrating a specific model in a local setting which can be utilized for lowering carbon emissions at a city level.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.170-180
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• 2010

Among the various fields of Earth Science, especially in Astronomy, we often deal with the change of space-time in an abstract way. Thus, making use of 'Concept Sketches'-simplified sketches that represent the main features, principles, processes and interrelationships of the learning content by using some concise explanations, signs and terms could help the students efficiently learn the phenomena of Astronomy. This study's aim was to check its effects and analyze the results of the lessons that included concept sketches and a discussion about the field of Earth Science in high school. The control group took traditional lessons, while the experimental group did a small-group discussion that used the concept sketches. After the lesson, some students were chosen to answer a questionnaire and go through an in-depth interview. The result of the data shows that the small-group discussion lesson that used the concept sketches helped both the high-ranking and low-ranking students to build concepts and was able to attract students' attention. Moreover, the students produced long-term memories of the content learned through the class discussion, which allowed them to exchange their own thoughts and opinions with other students. Most of all, drawing pictures, a familiar activity, appealed to the students, so they took part in the class eagerly.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.167-178
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• 2014

We search for misclassified type 1 AGNs among type 2 AGNs identified with emission line flux ratios, and investigate the properties of the sample. Using 4 113 local type 2 AGNs at 0.02 < z < 0.05 selected from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7, we detected a broad component of the $H{\alpha}$ line with a Full-Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) ranging from 1 700 to $19090km\;s^{-1}$ for 142 objects, based on the spectral decomposition and visual inspection. The fraction of the misclassified type 1 AGNs among type 2 AGN sample is ~3.5%, implying that a large number of missing type 1 AGN population may exist. The misclassified type 1 AGNs have relatively low luminosity with a mean broad $H{\alpha}$ luminosity, log $L_{H\alpha}=40.50{\pm}0.35\;erg\;s^{-1}$, while black hole mass of the sample is comparable to that of the local black hole population, with a mean black hole mass, log $M_{BH}=6.94{\pm}0.51\;M_{\odot}$. The mean Eddington ratio of the sample is log $L_{bol}/L_{Edd}=-2.00{\pm}0.40$, indicating that black hole activity is relatively weak, hence, AGN continuum is too weak to change the host galaxy color. We find that the O III lines show significant velocity offsets, presumably due to outflows in the narrow-line region, while the velocity offset of the narrow component of the $H{\alpha}$ line is not prominent, consistent with the ionized gas kinematics of general type 1 AGN population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2009

The use of natural environments to change lifestyle and health has been long recognized. In particular, forests, trees, and open space have been shown to promote mental health. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of the structured psychotherapeutic program using forest environment ("forest activity program") to improve the symptoms of nine patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who were taking variable doses of antidepressants. We assessed the depressive symptoms, quality of life, and autonomic nerve regulation among the MDD patients. Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HRSD) scores significantly decreased after the forest therapy (13.56 vs. 5.56, p=0.003), and some subscores of Short Form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36) and heart rhythm coherence are improved as well. Combined with antidepressant pharmacotherapy, the structured psychotherapeutic program using forest environment showed an improved health status for MDD patients and thus has potential as an adjuvant treatment for MDD, especially for rehabilitation and relapse prevention.