• 대한수학회지
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.375-393
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• 2023

Rabinowitz action functional is the Lagrange multiplier functional of the negative area functional to a constraint given by the mean value of a Hamiltonian. In this note we show that on a symplectization there is a one-to-one correspondence between gradient flow lines of Rabinowitz action functional and gradient flow lines of the restriction of the negative area functional to the constraint. In the appendix we explain the motivation behind this result. Namely that the restricted functional satisfies Chas-Sullivan additivity for concatenation of loops which the Rabinowitz action functional does in general not do.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2001

The trajectory of a classical dynamics is determined by the least action principle. As soon as we come to quantum dynamics, we have to consider all possible trajectories which are proposed to be a sum of the classical trajectory and Brownian fluctuation. Thus, the action involves the square of the derivative B(t) (white noise) of a Brownian motion B(t). The square is a typical example of a generalized white noise functional. The Feynman propagator should therefore be an average of a certain generalized white noise functional. This idea can be applied to a large class of dynamics with various kinds of Lagrangians.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional effects of action observation plus functional electrical stimulation (FES) treatment on the weight distribution indexes (heel and toe; right and left), stability indexes, gait velocities, and stride lengths of stroke patients. METHODS: The subjects, who were all more than six months post stroke, were randomly divided into two groups of ten each: an experimental group and a control group. TETRAX (Tetrax Interactive Balance System) and GAITRite (GAITRite$^{TM}$ computerized gait analysis system) were measured at baseline, six weeks after treatment. Participants in both the groups received functional electrical stimulation treatment, but the experimental group was provided with additional action observation. Independent t-tests were used to compare the differences between the groups, and repeated measured two-way ANOVA was used to compare the interaction between the groups. RESULTS: The result of the interactions between the groups and the periods showed significant increases in the weight distribution indexes (heel and toe; right and left), stability indexes, gait velocities and stride lengths (p<0.05). However, a comparison between the groups showed no significance in the weight distribution indexes (heel and toe), stability indexes, and stride lengths (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Action observation plus functional electrical stimulation treatment should be considered as a therapeutic method for physical therapy for stroke patients to improve the weight distribution indexes, stability indexes, gait velocities, and stride lengths.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.164-168
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• 2017

Purpose: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a device that activates the sensorimotor cortex through electrodes attached to the surface of the skin. However, it is difficult to expect positive changes if the recipient is not attentive to the motion. To complement the perceived cognitive limitations of FES, we attempted to investigate the changes of sensorimotor cortex activity by simultaneously providing action observation with FES. Methods: Electroencephalogram was measured in 28 healthy volunteers. Relative band power over the sensorimotor cortex was analyzed and compared in three conditions: during rest, during FES alone, during action observation with FES. Results: The results showed significant differences in each relative band power. Relative alpha power and relative beta power were the lowest by application of FES combined with action observation, while the relative gamma power was the highest. Conclusion: These results suggest that combining FES with observation could be more effective than FES alone in neurorehabilitation.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2023

자바의 최신 기능인 함수 인터페이스와 람다식에 대한 의미구조를 명세하는 것은 향후 유사한 기능을 설계할 때 참고할 수 있고 표준화하는 과정이나 최적화된 번역기를 구현하는 과정에서도 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 자바의 함수 인터페이스와 람다식에 대한 의미구조를 표현하기 위해 기존의 작용식을 수정하고 업그레이드해서 함수 인터페이스와 람다식의 정적·동적 의미구조를 표현하는 작용식 3.0을 새롭게 제시한다. 작용식 3.0에 명세된 의미구조를 자바로 구현해 자바 프로그램들에 대한 실행시간을 측정하고 시뮬레이션을 통해 작용식 3.0이 구현가능한 실제적인 의미구조 명세법인 것을 입증한다. 판독성(Readability) 측면, 모듈성(Modularity) 측면, 확장성(Extensibility) 측면, 융통성(Flexibility) 측면에서 대표적인 의미구조 표현법과 작용식 3.0을 비교하여 작용식 3.0의 우월성을 확인하고자 한다.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.2012-2020
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• 2020

Background: Multifaceted approaches will be needed, such as global synkinesis (GS) achieve functional improvements in the arms of stroke patients from involuntary movements during exercise. Objective: To identify changes in arm GS and muscle activity, functional evaluation and the correlation with variables through action observation training, combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES), thereby verifying the effect on stroke patients. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: The subjects of this study were 20 stroke patients who were divided into two groups: Control group (n=10) and experimental group (n=10). Before the intervention, arm GS and muscle activity were measured using surface electromyography (EMG), and arm function was evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale. At the end of the intervention, which lasted 4-wk, arm GS and muscle activity were measured again using the same scale. Results: There was a decrease statistically significant difference in GS during the bending action in experimental group (P<.01). Both groups showed a significant difference increased only in the activity of the anterior deltoid (AD) and biceps brachii (BB) (P<.05). The results of the arm functional assessment revealed a significant difference increase in both groups (P<.05). In the between-group comparison, there was a significant difference decrease in GS during the bending action (P<.05). Only the muscle activity of the AD and BB were significantly increase different (P<.05). There was a significant between-group difference increase in the arm functional assessment (P<.05). There was a positive correlation between GS and muscle activity on the FMA in the control group (r=.678, P<.05). In experimental group, GS during the bending arm action exhibited a negative correlation (r=-.749, P<.05), and the muscle activity of the AD and BB showed a positive correlation (r=.701, P<.05). Furthermore, in experimental group, the activity of the extensor carpi radialis increased, and the activity of the flexor carpi radialis decreased, which exhibited a negative correlation (r=-.708, P<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that brain plasticity could be more efficiently stimulated by combining surface stimulation in the affected arm of stroke patients.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of underwear consumer's underwear purchasing behavior through survey. 630 questionnaires were distributed in Seoul and Chonju and 618 with usable data were analyzed frequency and factor analyses, t-test etc. using SPSSWIN 10.0. program. The results were summarized as follows : Most male consumers buy underwears at discount stores whereas most female consumers at chain store. Throughout all four seasons, more male and female consumers do not wear heat-retaining underwears. Most male and female consumers do not have function-fiber underwears nor functional-finishing and natural-dyeing-treated underwears. Most consumers are not satisfied with these underwears. The most important criteria for most male consumers to choose underwears are comfort levels while in action, the sense of touch, comfort levels while wearing them while not in action, pleasance levels; whereas for females are comfort levels while in action, and comfort levels while wearing them while not in action. Male consumers prefer a little bigger-than-their-bodies size, dry and soft fabrics, plain white color; whereas female consumers prefer a little tight size, dry and soft fabrics and plain beige color, Most consumers want to buy functional-fiber underwears made of yellow- soil-and-charcoal-dyeing fabrics which has jade.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2020

Objective: To investigate the action observation effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on the communication between motor cortex and muscle through corticomuscular coherence (CMC) analysis. Methods: Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) of 27 healthy, nonathlete subjects were measured during action observation, FES, and action observation with FES, which lasted for 7sper session for 10 times. All trials were repeated for 30 times. Simultaneously measured EEG raw data and rectified EMG signals were used to calculate CMC. Only confidence limit values above 0.0306 were used for analysis. CMC was divided into three frequency domains, andthe grand average coherence and peak coherence were computed. Repeated ANOVA was performed to analyze the coherence value difference for each condition's frequency band. Results: CMC showed significant differences in peak coherence and average coherence between the conditions (p<0.05). Action observation application with FES in all frequency band showed the highest peak and average coherence value. Conclusions: The results of this study are assumed to be the combination of increased eccentric information transfer from the sensorymotor cortex by action observation and an increased in concentric sensory input from the peripheral by the FES, suggesting that these are reflecting the sensorimotor integration process.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.464-476
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• 2016

본 연구는 대학태권도대회의 지각된 가치 중 사회적, 감정적, 기능적 가치와 브랜드태도 및 행동의도와의 관계를 규명함으로써 대학 경쟁력 제고를 위한 실질적인 전략방안의 시사점을 제공하고자 의도되었다. 이를 위해 2015년 부산지역 대학태권도대회 참가 학생의 학부모 314명에 대해 설문지를 통한 조사연구를 수행하였다. 수집된 자료를 기초로 SPSS Ver. 22를 이용한 기술통계분석과 AMOS 23을 이용한 확인적 요인분석과 구조방정식모형분석을 실시하였다. 주요 연구결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대학태권도대회의 지각된 가치 중 사회적, 감정적 가치는 브랜드태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 기능적 가치는 브랜드태도에 유의한 관련성을 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대학태권도대회의 지각된 가치 중 사회적, 감정적, 기능적 가치는 행동의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 대학태권도대회의 브랜드태도는 행동의도에 통계적으로 유의한 관련성을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.307-311
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the effects of changes in the intensity of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) on CorticoMuscular Coherence (CMC) during action observation. This paper presents a neurophysiological basis for the effective intensity of FES. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were asked to observed a video with FES. The FES was provided with a sensory stimulation level, nerve stimulation level, and motor stimulation level. Simultaneously, an electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sensorimotor cortex and electromyogram (EMG) from the wrist extensor muscle were recorded. The peak CMC and average CMC were analyzed to compare the differences caused by the FES intensity. Results: The peak CMC showed a significant increase in the alpha band during motor stimulation (p<0.05). The average CMC showed a significant increase in the beta band during motor stimulation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The intensity of FES, which causes actual movement, increased the CMC during action observation. These results show that the intensity of the FES can affect the functional connection between the sensorimotor cortex and muscle.