• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2011

Purpose: Incidents of suicide attempt and acute poisoning in the elderly population is rising. This study investigated the clinical nature of acute poisoning and differences between the survival and mortality groups in the elderly. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 325 patients with acute poisoning who visited the emergency department. Patients were divided into two groups, one survival and one death group. Information regarding patient sex, age, root cause of poisoning, time of year of poisoning, type of intoxicant, duration of time between intoxicant ingestion and arrival at the emergency department, total length of hospital stay, and any previous suicide attempts and subsequent hospitalization were collected. An initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and an initial and final Poison Severity Score (PSS) for each patient was calculated. Results: The survival rate for men was higher than for women in this study. The most common reason of drug intoxication was suicide, with accidental ingestion and substance abuse occurring in descending frequency. Seasonal factors were reflected in the data with the highest number of incidents occurring in spring and the lowest number in winter. Compared with the mortality group, the survival group had a lower initial PSS with a higher GCS. Conclusion: We conclude that being female, having suicide as a root cause, agrochemicals as an intoxicant, low initial Glasgow Coma Scale and high initial Poisoning Severity Score, are all associated with poor prognosis.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.165-175
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual status of occurrence of near-drowning accident by regions, sex, causes, places, months and days through Bureau of Statistics for 3 years from 1998 to 2000. 1. As the results of the drowned persons for 3 years from 1998 to 2000, the total number of them were 5,058 persons and 1,686 persons the yearly mean experienced near-drowning accidents. In the actual status of drowned persons by regions, 255 persons(15.1%) of Kyung-Ki regions are highest, 27 persons(1.62%) of Che-Ju regions are lowest. 2. In the actual status of drowned persons by sex, the yearly mean 1324 male persons(78.58%) and 362 female persons(21.42%) of 1,686 persons the yearly mean are drowned and the number of male drowned persons is 3.7 times higher than that of female. 3. In the actual status of drowned persons by age, among 1,686 drowned persons the yearly mean, 467 persons between fifteen and nineteen are drowned(9.23%). 4. In the actual status of drowned persons by causes, the major causes due to the poor swimming skills are 43.4%. 5. In the actual status of drowned persons by places, the major places are rivers and riversides(50.0%). 6. In the actual status of drowned persons by months, among 1,686 drowned persons the yearly mean, 319.33 persons(18.94%) on the July and 403.66 persons(23.94%) on the August had the highest the drowning accident. It is one of major cause of seasonal accidental death especially in summer. 7. In the actual status of drowned persons by day of the week, among 1,686 drowned persons the yearly mean, most of near-drowning accidents are happened on weekend(56.62%).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.489-498
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• 2017

This study was conducted to compare the mortality number of swine between before and after HACCP implementation on swine farm. Also, we analyzed the reason for implementing HACCP system, advantage and disadvantage of HACCP system implemented swine farm. The study was carried out by randomly selected fifty swine farms located in all around Korea. The results were as follows: The mortality number of swine before HACCP system was found to be 288.30, 122.90, 91.08, 18.22, and 108.10 in respiratory, diarrhea, abortion (stillbirth), an accidental death and others, respectively. However, after HACCP implementation, it decreased, without significantly, to 261.60, 101.10, 85.91, 16.37, and 108.60, respectively. Therefore, Therefore, the total number of mortality pig decreased from 628.70 (before HACCP) to 573.60 (after HACCP). The enhancement of farm competitiveness (26.92%) and hygienic and safety pig production (23.43%) were ranked as the first and second proposes for implementing HACCP system on swine farm. The major advantage of implementing HACCP were improvement the farm sanitation management level (20.90%) and the major disadvantage was surveyed as HACCP records (23.10%). We are expecting that our results might be used for producing safer livestock products by improving livestock products HACCP policy.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2002

The single dose toxicity of Jengjengamiyjintang, a herbal drug for duodenal ulcer was evaluated in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Jengjengamiyjintang was once administered to both sexes of rats at the dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 125mg／kg for oral route according to KFDA guidelines for single dose toxicity test (1999-61). In addition, vehicle control group was added in order to compare clinical signs, body weight changes and abnormal necropsy findings. After single administration, clinical signs were observed every twice a day for 14 days and body weights were measured 5 times including initial measurement on day 0. When observation period was over, the animals were sacrificed and macroscopic examination of major organs was conducted. Neither significant clinical signs nor death after administration was observed during the observation periods except for soft feces or diarrhea that were restricted to Day 1 of 2000 and 1000mg/kg-dosing groups. Although some accidental findings such as gross and histopathological changes of lung that were demonstrated in some animals of all experimental groups including vehicle control group, no abnormal necropsy findings and changes of body weight were observed at terminal necropsy in both sexes. From these results, it is considered that $LD_{50}$ of Jengjengamiyjintang is over 2000mg／kg in oral administration in both sexes of rats and approximated lethal dose was considered over 2000mg/kg.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.336-342
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• 2015

Fall-related injuries are the most common cause of accidental death for the elderly and the most frequent work-related injuries in construction sites. Due to the growing popularity of smartphones, there has been a number of research work related to the use of sensors embedded in the smartphone for fall detection. Falls can be detected easily by measuring the magnitude and direction of acceleration vectors. In general, the direction of the acceleration vector does not show the object movement, but the velocity vector directly indicates the tangential direction in which the object is moving. In this paper, we proposed a new method for computing the fall direction based on the characteristics of the velocity vector extracted from the accelerometer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.416-424
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• 1989

We have performed eight, single transplantations of right lung in dogs from September, 1988 to March 1989 at the Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgical department, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. We wrapped bronchial anastomosis site with great omentum and used cyclosporin in preoperative and postoperative periods in seven cases except one. The one without wrapping the bronchial anastomotic site with omentum and using cyclosporin died due to bronchial anastomotic site rupture in postoperative fourth day. If there is no reason to choose one side over the other, we would generally choose to do left-sided transplant as this is technically somewhat easier because of the long length of recipient bronchus and the ease of clamping the left atrium proximal to the pulmonary veins. The right atrium limits the amount of left atrium that can have incorporated into the clamp proximal to the pulmonary veins on the right side. But we had chosen to do right-sided transplant of lung because we must take variable technical experiences on right sided lung transplant in dogs. We have to anastomose one of pulmonary vein and left atrial wall on right-sided transplant easily only with double ligation of one pulmonary vein because right atrium limited the clamp of left atrium proximal to pulmonary veins with decreased venous return and cardiac output in some dogs. All seven dogs with right-sided lung transplant had survived more than one day with good condition except one. The one dog have to be sacrificed to evaluate the difference between the gas analysis in pulmonary venous and arterial blood in post-operative eight hours. We found hemorrhagic pulmonary edematous changes of contralateral left lung in this dog. And also all dogs have to be sacrificed for the evaluation of surgical problems, anytime in post-operative periods without any cardiopulmonary resuscitative efforts when the general condition would be worse progressively. We found no any surgical technical errors in seven dogs except one with thrombi in suture site of left atrium. There were hemorrhagic pulmonary edematous changes of transplanted right lung in one, of contralateral left lung in one, of contralateral left lung with double ligation of its pulmonary artery in one, thrombi around left atrial sutures sites in one, multiple air leakage in one bronchial rupture in one due to rejection or infection. There were accidental extubation and delayed intubation in one and unknown cause of death in one.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.131-160
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed determination of punishment of victimizers presented in sentencing(81 plaintiffs, 95 sentencing) for 55 cases involving child maltreatment fatalities between 2001 and 2015. The results showed that about 40% of main victimizers were imposed relatively minor punishment such as probation or imprisonment for less than 3 years. Judgments that deviated from lower limit comprised large proportion in connection with compliance with standards for statutory punishment and punishment determination. The elements of punishment determination, such as earnest rearing of child, psychological pain arising from death of child, sense of guilt, motivation that can be considered, were found to have a significant influence on mitigation of punishment although such elements could be judged differently, depending on perception or subjective tendency of judges towards child abuse. Even abetters in a position to prevent death of child were imposed minor punishment mostly by probation or monetary penalty. This study presented the need to reconsider the circumstances of punishment determination which has been conventionally mentioned in cases involving child maltreatment fatalities, such as first offender, accidental crime, person with parental rights, fosters, agreement with family of the deceased, etc. Moreover, this study suggested the need to reinforce child abuse prevention training for law enforcement officers and to revamp standards for determining punishment unique to the cases of child abuse in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2009

Purpose : To check the legal relation between rescue team and patient as well as legal responsibility for patient's damage intentionally or erroneously caused by rescue member, a public official, in the performance of relevant job ; to prevent legal dispute over rescue team and to present program for fair settlement of dispute and equitable and feasible burden of damage. Method : First, the legal principle of Civil Law, Criminal Law and Administrative Law related to the theme of this research will be investigated around research by literature. Second, the case of dispute related to rescue team will be introduced. Result: 1. If 119 rescue members as a public official intentionally or erroneously cause damage to patient in the performance of job, they shall bear civil, criminal and administrative responsibility. They shall bear civil responsibility for indemnity for damage due to default or tort. The typical criminal responsibility includes accidental homicide arising out of duty, preparing falsified official document, dereliction of duty, etc. In the administrative side, the state is responsible for indemnity for peculiar status of the rescue member, public official. 2. Though raising civil petition or legal dispute over unsatisfactory rescue service may be reasonable to guarantee the right of nation, such action may cause stress to rescue member as well as may lead to mental shrinking and defensive attitude only to take the basic first aid treatment which has low possibility of mistake instead of active first aid treatment so as to avoid legal responsibility. 3. The program that may prevent legal dispute over 119 rescue team includes expansion of manpower specialized in first aid treatment, enhancement of education on legal environment, development and application of standard job guideline, formation of mutual trust with patient, detailed explanation, preparing and keeping minute record, improvement of the rescue members' ability of first aid treatment and development of medical instruction mode. Conclusion : The best policy is to prevent legal dispute. If it is impossible to basically exclude the possibility of dispute, however, we need to make effort to minimize the occurrence, settle fairly and divide damage equitably and feasibly. To improve the preventible death rate of our first aid system to the level of advanced country, 119 rescue team which is in charge of the stage before hospital needs to positively enforce special first aid by improving the qualitative level of rescue service and to strive to prevent legal dispute that may occur in the process.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2007

Purpose: To assess the epidemiology and the clinical features of Glufosinate herbicide in Korea. Methods: Data was prospectively collected during 1 year since August 2005 from 38 hospital in Korea. We analyzed the epidemiologic characters and clinical manifestations of Glufosinate poisoning. In addition, the characteristics of patients with severe central nervous system toxicity were separately analyzed to find poor prognosis relating factors. Results: During study periods, there were 715 persons of poisoning of herbicides and insecticides. 6.3% (45 persons) of the agricultural chemicals poisoning had Glufosinate poisoning. There were 36 cases of suicide attempts and 7 cases of accidental exposure, The major of poisoning route was oral ingestion (44 cases). 28.9 % of the study patients had not toxic symptoms. The most common symptoms were gastrointestinal symptoms relating surfactant irritation. 67.7% of central nervous symptoms occurred lately. 10 persons showed severe central nervous system toxicity. 4 persons of them showed poor outcomes (1 death, 3 hopeless discharged). Complications of respiratory failure and renal failure related with poor outcome. Conclusion: Majority of patients ingested Glufosinate for suicide attempt. 22.2% of patients with Glufosinate poisoning showed delayed serious central nervous system toxicity. Early supportive care of altered mentality may prevent late respiratory complications and improve the outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 1998

In the past most major accidents resulted in death, but today there is a dramatic increase in the number of people who survive such accidents but who are left with permanent injury. Particularly, children who are inquisitive about their surroundings but immature in their ability to assess danger, are more vulnerable to accidents and their causes as well as to determine attitudes towards prevention. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of using an accident prevention manual for accident for accident prevention education. The study was a quasi-experimental study using a questionnaire format. The subjects of the study were 393 mothers of children attending six day care centers in Seoul. Data collection was done between May 1 and June 15, 1997. The tools used for the study were a questionnaire developed the researchers and a manual for accident prevention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Types of accidents included stabbing, bums, falls from heights, choking, falls on slippery surfaces, traffic accidents, drowning, poisoning, and electrical shock in that order of frequency. 2. The main causes of accidents in children were from cosmetics and household medications. 3. The most frequent locations of accidents in the home were the bathroom, kitchen, and stairways in that order. 4. For $90.4\%$ of children safety seats were not used when the ridding in a car. 5. In examining the parents' accident prevention practices, it was found that many parents used only . one electrical outlet for many appliances, tending to overload the electricity lines and that they were not practically concerned bout the flammability of children's pajamas, indicating a less than positive attitude towards fire prevention. 6. The parents had not provided their children with any instruction on accident prevention or on what to do after an accident had occurred. 7. After the use of pamphlet in an accident prevention education program, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the degree to which children carried out safety measures (t=14.96, p=.000) and in their safety habits (t=-1.67, p<.1) indicating an effectiveness in this method of education. The results of this study showed that there are many things in a child's environment that can cause accidents and that the possibility of an accident occurring is high. So nurses looking after children should be aware of the need for safety education to prevent accidents in the home and plan to provide appropriate educational material to help parents with this education.