• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-127
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• 2017

Even with the most advanced aviation technology benefits, aircraft accidents are constantly occurring while air passenger transportation volume is expected to double in the next 15 years. Since it is not possible to secure aviation safety only by the post aircraft accident safety action of accident investigations, it has been recognized and consensus has been formed that proactive and predictive prevention measures are necessary. In this sense, the aviation safety management system (SMS) was introduced in 2008 and has been carried out in earnest since 2011. SMS is a proactive and predictive aircraft accident preventive measure, which is a mechanism to eliminate the fundamental risk factors by approaching organizational factors beyond technological factors and human factors related to aviation safety. The methodology is to collect hazards in all the sites required for aircraft operations, to build a database, to analyze the risks, and through managing risks, to keep the risks acceptable or below. Therefore, the improper implementation of SMS indicates that the aircraft accident prevention is insufficient and it is to be directly connected with the aircraft accident. Reports of duty performance related hazards including their own errors are essential and most important in SMS. Under the policy of just culture for voluntary reporting, the guarantee of information providers' anonymity, non-punishment and non-blame should be basically secured, but to this end, under-reporting is stagnant due to lack of trust in their own organizations. It is necessary for the accountable executive(CEO) and senior management to take a leading role to foster the safety culture initiating from just culture with the safety consciousness, balancing between safety and profit for the organization. Though a Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's order, "Guidance on SMS Implementation" states the training required for the accountable executive(CEO) and senior management, it is not legally binding. Thus it is suggested that the SMS training completion certificates of accountable executive(CEO) and senior management be included in SMS approval application form that is legally required by "Korea Aviation Safety Program" in addition to other required documents such as a copy of SMS manual. Also, SMS related items are missing in the aircraft accident investigation, so that organizational factors in association with safety culture and risk management are not being investigated. This hinders from preventing future accidents, as the root cause cannot be identified. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Manuals issued by ICAO contain the SMS investigation wheres it is not included in the final report form of Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. In addition, the US National Transportation Safety Board(NTSB) that has been a substantial example of the aircraft accident investigation for the other accident investigation agencies worldwide does not appear to expand the scope of investigation activities further to SMS. For these reasons, it is believed that investigation agencies conducting their investigations under Annex 13 do not include SMS in the investigation items, and the aircraft accident investigators are hardly exposed to SMS investigation methods or techniques. In this respect, it is necessary to include the SMS investigation in the organization and management information of the final report format of Annex 13. In Korea as well, in the same manner, SMS item should be added to the final report format of the Operating Regulation of the Aircraft and Railway Accident Investigation Board. If such legal and institutional improvement methods are complemented, SMS will serve the purpose of aircraft accident prevention effectively and contribute to the improvement of aviation safety in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2015

This study dealt with regional characteristics in car insurance for reduction of traffic accidents. The objective was to establish scientifically the verification procedure in the application of regional auto insurance rate. To specify the objective, this study conducts the correlation analysis between factors which are various in each local traffic environment and the loss ratio in automobile insurance. Also, this provides a correlation and a modal in loss ratio, classifying human factors in locality in major cause result from traffic accident. Based on the results, this brings up the problems with applying a uniform criterion for automobile insurance rate although various factors have effect on traffic accidents in locality. Therefore, what stands out most from this study is that a policy on automobile insurance applied to regional factor should be introduced.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2000

The human error or error involved with human is still the major portion of the causes of marine casualties and attracting a great concern in ship operation. However, there are not so many researches conducted to investigate or develop methodologies for analyzing such causes of human error in maritime industry, which may be caused by the variety of factors affecting the performance of ship operation and the characteristics of human being. This paper aims to study the methodologies used in investigating human factors or errors in maritime field through the investigation of researches performed so far. The methodology for human factors can be usually classified into one of three types; descriptive studies, experimental research and evaluation research. Also there are many different kinds of applied researches for some specific subjects. Prior to the investigation of the root cause of marine accident related with human error, clear concept of the human factors and systematic taxonomy shall be established. Moreover, it is very important considerations in case of casualty inspection on human factors that the inspector on the accident shall have adequate knowledges, understandings on the concept of human factors including the way of research more than those of methodologies and techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2010

Recently, about 600 cases of marine accidents occur annually in Korea. According to many studies and analyses on occurrence of marine accidents, 70~80% of marine accidents were caused by human factors. Among the human factors, navigation officers' fatigue is very important factor. Although navigation officers' fatigue serves as an important role in marine accidents, there is no method to exactly examine the degree of officers' fatigue. Accordingly, this study analyzed human factors according to types of marine accidents and extracted important five factors affecting navigation officers' fatigue through the questionnaire survey by means of literatures and 5-point scale. In addition, evaluation factors of marine accident risks caused by fatigue factors were divided and structured by using ISM. Lastly, it found out the importance of each fatigue factor drawn by AHP and decided marine accidents that were most highly caused by navigation officers' fatigue in order. At the result, weights were high as sleep time 0.385, stress 0.302, health condition 0.139, rest time 0.099, alcohol and drug 0.074 in fatigue factors, and death and injury 0.328, collision 0.308, grounding 0.195, sinking 0.094, fire accident 0.075 in evaluation factors of marine accident risks. Therefore, the control plan to lower marine accident risks should be prepared on the basis of high weight factors.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.4
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• pp.83-117
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• 2001

This study aims at investigating basic safety consciousness as preprocessing of the establishment of experience-oriented safety education center in which citizens can have positive and active experience education, based on the data for which the investigators have investigated and analyzed such citizens' safety consciousness as awareness, consciousness and feedback of national safety accident, systematic prevention of safety accident and necessity of first-aid when safety accident happens, focused on citizens in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do where more than 1/3 of the national population live, for the purpose of establishing experience-oriented education center where citizens can be taught to prevent accidents wisely, picking up experiences of large or small accidents up to now. And the findings from the study support the followings : 1) Ordinary people think that danger factors have prevailed in our entire society, and fear that the danger may come to them directly.2) Ordinary people's consciousness of safety accident is low, that is because selfishness and 'take-it-easy' manner have prevailed in our entire society. 3) Ordinary people have the dread of safety accident individually, but they don't know how to deal with safety accident when it happened. 4) Although most people have taken lessons about safety accident, they still feel the need to have systematic education about safety accident. 5) Children and survey-respondents are highly concerned with prevention of safety accident, but there were few people who sent their children to 'safety accident prevention program by outside institute', still less they didn't participate in the above program. And especially they complained a lot about safety education conducted by school. 6) Most people truly felt the need that they should have experience-oriented safety education center to be able to see, hear and experience. The considerations (or suggestions) resulting from the above findings from the study will turn out that people will need such recreation facilities, rest and play space that the family can enjoy as space for the prevention of safety accident, appliance for field lesson and space for developed program, and in light of visitors' convenience, safer and more convenient vehicle service will have to be offered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1-5
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• 2013

Notorious press machine bothers employers by causing so many industrial accidents which are mostly of caught-in or between type. In 2008, press machines caused 1665 cases of such type of accidents, which reached about 11% of all those. Even though various approaches has been adopted to prevent those press machine accidents, up to now, no one was found to be satisfactory. In this study, two kinds of companies, accident-occurred and accident-free by press machine, were surveyed to find out positive and negative factors for accidents prevention. 400 companies which experienced accidents in 2008 and 200 companies which did not experience accident at all during the same period were selected for this survey. Most of these companies are small companies that employ less than 50 employees. Even though small companies are exempted from legal obligations to have a safety management system for accident prevention, we surveyed about safety management systems of those companies because of its crucial importance for accident prevention including whether they appointed safety managers and various supervisors. Awareness and efforts for safety of employers and employees were also measured. Results were analysed by the method of cross tabulation analysis. Main findings of this study are as follows. Most accident-occurred companies did not appoint any safety manager or supervisor. While it is recommended that the workplace of high accident rate have a safety manager. In addition, as less employers' effort for safety was made in accident-occurred companies in order to prevent accidents during press processing, the author proposes an amendment to the relevant law. Finally, the most referred reason for the negligence of hazard is the cumbersomeness in installing safeguards.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2018

PURPOSES : This study aimed to analyze traffic accidents at circular intersections, and discuss accident reduction strategies based on land use and vehicle type. METHODS : Traffic accident data from 2010 to 2014 were collected from the "traffic accident analysis system" (TAAS) data set of the Road Traffic Authority. To develop the accident rate model, a multiple linear regression model was used. Explanatory variables such as geometry and traffic volume were used to develop the models. RESULTS : The main results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that the null hypotheses that land use and vehicle type do not affect the accident rate should be rejected. Second, 16 accident rate models, which are statistically significant (with high $R^2$ values), were developed. Finally, the area of the central island, number of speed humps, entry lane width, circulatory roadway width, bus stops, and pedestrian crossings were analyzed to determine their effect on accidents according to the type of land use and vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : Through the developed accident rate models, it was revealed that the accident factors at circular intersections changed depending on land use and vehicle type. Thus, selecting the appropriate location of bus stops for trucks, widening entry lanes for cars, and installing splitter islands and optimal lighting for motorcycles were determined to be important for reducing the accident rate. Additionally, the evaluation showed that commercial and mixed land use had a weaker effect on accidents than residential land use.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 2018

When a ship accident occurs, it is imperative that the captain makes a prompt decision because the accident directly leads to the loss of human lives. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the main factors and to provide basic data for making decisions in case of ship related contingencies. Experts were surveyed using questionnaires containing eight main factors. The priorities based on relative importance of those factors were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). As a result, the main priority factors were capsizing (heeling occurs), and fire/explosion, which could have the greatest impact on decision making. We plan to do a larger, more detailed scale survey to improve the reliability of the results. The results above will be used as a basis for the main factors of ships and passenger evacuation decision-making procedures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.497-507
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• 2015

Nonrecurrent congestion of freeway was primarily caused by incident. The main cause of incident was known as a traffic accident. Therefore, accurate prediction of traffic incident clearance time is very important in accident management. Traffic accident data on freeway during year 2008 to year 2014 period were analyzed for this study. KNN(K-Nearest Neighbor) algorithm was hired for developing incident clearance time prediction model with the historical traffic accident data. Analysis result of accident data explains the level of accident significantly affect on the incident clearance time. For this reason, incident clearance time was categorized by accident level. Data were sorted by classification of traffic volume, number of lanes and time periods to consider traffic conditions and roadway geometry. Factors affecting incident clearance time were analyzed from the extracted data for identifying similar types of accident. Lastly, weight of detail factors was calculated in order to measure distance metric. Weight was calculated with applying standard method of normal distribution, then incident clearance time was predicted. Prediction result of model showed a lower prediction error(MAPE) than models of previous studies. The improve model developed in this study is expected to contribute to the efficient highway operation management when incident occurs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.131-143
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• 2010

This study has aimed to develop accident modification factor(AMF) for rural two-lane roadway segments. Accident Modification Factor is a coefficient to assess roadway safety as reflecting characteristics of homogeneous roadway. It estimates accident frequency of roadway segments with developed base model and exposure. We found on items of such factors as crosswalk, driveway density, topography characteristic, land use and median through statistical models and literature review. To develop accident modification factors, we used statistical model methods and analyses of applicability and expert judgement method were practiced to validate it. Although expert judgement for land use item was questionable, most items were rated acceptable. Result of comparative analysis revealed crash frequencies of IHSDM and KHSEM were most similar with actual. However, accident distribution of KHSEM was more proper than IHSDM. Also overall estimated values of RSDS were found to be overestimated.