• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.93
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• pp.128-133
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• 2005

An iris-coupled partial H-plane filter as a new type of partial H-plane filter is proposed. The proposed filter can be compared with conventional H-plane filter and uses an iris-type evanescent waveguide as a coupling structure. Filter design technique based on numerical simulation is developed to design and compare the proposed filter and H-plane filter. Designed iris-coupled partial H-plane filter has the same frequency response as that of the conventional H-plane filter while its cross section is one quarter. A good agreement between measurements and theoretical prediction is achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

In this study, the crystalline property of a-plane GaN epitaxial layer grown on r-plane sapphire by a HVPE method has been investigated according to the V/III ratio and the growth time of multi-step growth. Furthermore, these results were compared with the previous result obtained from the single-step growth of a-plane GaN on r-plane sapphire substrate. In the multi-step growth for a-plane GaN epitaxial layer on r-plane sapphire, the FWHM values of rocking curve in GaN epitaxial layer were decreased as the HCl source flow rate and the growth time were increased. The void formed in epitaxial layer was continuously decreased as the growth time in first step and second step using a higher HCl flow rate was increased. As a result, the GaN layer obtained with the longest growth time on the first step and second step exhibited the lowest FWHM values of 584 arcsec and the smallest dependence of azimuth angle.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.553-571
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• 2019

Geometric variation including welding distortion accumulates as many parts are joined together, ultimately affecting the final product. This variation is then subjected to correction, which requires considerable effort, time, and cost. This variation can be categorized as in-plane/out-of-plane variation. To date, studies on variation simulation have largely focused on the out-of-plane variation, however the variation generated in the in-plane direction requires more time and efforts to correct afterwards. This research aims to construct a variation simulation model considering both the in-plane and out-of-plane variations. A geometric analysis was performed to derive an equation that reflects the coupling effect of the out-of-plane variation on the in-plane variation. The proposed model is validated with case study analysis and the results shows that good fidelity in predicting and diagnosing the in-plane variation during the block assembly process considering welding distortion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.367-397
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• 1991

This study was aimed to investigate the occlusal plane inclination in relation to the skeletal and dental assessment measurements in order to provide a reference in orthodontic treatment planning as the occlusal plane should be reconstructed orthodontically or gnathologically. The sample consisted of 73 normal occlusions and 113 malocclusions of adults. The computerized statistical analysis of 38 occlusal plane's and 29 skeletal and dental measurements were carried out with SPSS. The conclusions were as follows; 1 In normal occlusion, COP-NaPog was average $83.63^{\circ}$ (2.44) and occlusal plane inclination had a strong negative correlation with SNB and FH-NaPog. 2. In normal occlusion, ArANS plane was nearly parallel to the occlusal plane. 3. In malocclusion, the larger the mandibular plane angle and the shorter the ramus height was, the more downward the occlusal plane had a tendency to tip anteriorly. 4. Occlusal plane was more horizontal in deep bite group, while it was steeper in openbite group. 5. The curve of Spee was severe in deep bite group but in openbite group mandibular occlusal plane showed average reverse curvature, where it was found that the configuration of the occlusal plane contributed to the excess or deficiency of anterior overbite.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2022

Objective: Planning of incisal position is crucial for optimal orthodontic treatment outcomes due to its consequences on facial esthetics and occlusion. A systematic summary of the proposed parameters is presented. Methods: Studies on Google Scholar^©, PubMed^©, and Cochrane Library, providing quantitative information on optimal central incisor position were included. Results: Upper incisors supero-inferior position (4-5 mm to upper lip, 67-73 mm to axial plane through pupils), antero-posterior position (3-4 mm to Nasion-A, 3-6 mm to A-Pogonion, 9-12 mm to true vertical line, 5 mm to A-projection, 9-10 mm to coronal plane through pupils), bucco-lingual angulation (4-7° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models, 20-22° to Nasion-A, 57-58° to upper occlusal plane, 16-20° to coronal plane through pupils, 108-110° to anterior-posterior nasal spine), mesio-distal angulation (5° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models). Lower incisors supero-inferior position (41-48 mm to soft-tissue mandibular plane), antero-posterior position (3-4 mm to Nasion-B, 1-3 mm to A-Pogonion, 12-15 mm to true vertical line, 6-8 mm to coronal plane through pupils), bucco-lingual angulation (1-4° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models, 87-94° to mandibular plane, 68° to Frankfurt plane, 22-25° to Nasion-B, 105° to occlusal plane, 64° to lower occlusal plane, 21° to A-Pogonion), mesio-distal angulation (2° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models). Conclusions: Although these findings can provide clinical guideline, they derive from heterogeneous studies in terms of subject characteristics and reference methods. Therefore, the optimal incisal position remains debatable.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2007

What is a foundational element of plane geometry? Isn't it possible to constitute the contents of plane geometry from that element? In this paper, we suggest a view point that triangle is a foundational element of plane geometry. And take some examples of reconstruction of usually given contents and mathematical activity centered on the triangle in plane geometry.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2006

Although several reports have been introduced about dual plane augmentation mammaplasty, the description of periareolar approach dual plane augmentation mammaplasty was few. This article describes specific characteristics, and different classification and techniques for the periareolar dual plane breast augmentation while postoperative scars resulted from inframammary crease approach caused complaints. A total of 124 patients(248 breasts) had periareolar dual plane augmentation surgery from 1998 to 2004. Anatomic implants were used in 43 cases. Most of the patients were satisfied with the outcomes of periareolar dual plane augmentation. Periareolar dual plane augmentation mammaplasty adjusts implant and tissue relationships to ensure adequate soft-tissue coverage while optimizing implant-breast parenchymal dynamics to offer increased benefits and fewer faults compared to a single pocket location in a wide range of breast types with minimal scars. Two types of dual plane classifications are discussed in this study for the periareolar approach exclusively. The boundaries of retroglandular dissection remain constant, as the costal origin of pectoralis major are divided. Type A dual plane implies that the inferior edge of pectoralis muscle lies below the inferior areolar border, and type B dual plane implies that the inferior edge lies above the superior areolar border.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

Purpose: The major drawback of submuscular augmentation of the ptotic breast is a "double-bubble" deformity. If a traditional mastopexy is added to correct the ptosis, there would be additional scars. This article describes simultaneous periareolar mastopexy with dual plane or subfascial breast augmentations. Methods: A series of 81 patients with grade I or II ptosis underwent the procedure from 1999 to 2005. Out of these, dual plane augmentation was done in 71 cases and subfascial plane in 10. After periareolar skin excision, an incision is made perpendicularly down to the fascia of pectoralis. At the lower pole, all breast implants are inserted into the subfascial plane. In case of upper pole thickness of above 20 mm, we inserted the implant into the subfascial plane, whereas below 20 mm, we inserted that into the submuscular plane. Results: No major complications were noted and patients' satisfactory score was high. This technique avoids the "double-bubble" deformity and leaves a minimal periareolar scar. Conclusion: Simultaneous periareolar mastopexy/breast augmentation is useful for correction of the ptotic breast, increasing the volume of breast and providing the natural breast shape with minimal scars. We consider that subfascial plane augmentation with periareolar mastopexy to be an alternative for cases with breast upper pole thickness of at least above 20 mm.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.469-482
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• 2000

A numerical study using nonlinear finite element analysis is performed to investigate the behavior of isolated reinforced concrete walls subjected to combined axial force and in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments. For a nonlinear finite element analysis, a computer program addressing material and geometric nonlinearities was developed. Through numerical studies, the internal force distribution in the cross-section is idealized, and then a new design method, different from the existing methods based on the plane section hypothesis was developed. According to the proposed method, variations in the interaction curve of the in-plane bending moment and axial force depends on the range of the permissible axial force per unit length, that is determined by a given amount of out-of-plane bending moment. As the out-of-plane bending moment increases, the interaction curve shrinks, indicating a decrease in the ultimate strength. The proposed method is then compared with an existing method, using the plane section hypothesis. Compared with the proposed method, the existing method overestimates the ultimate strength for the walls subjected to low out-of-plane bending moments, while it underestimates the ultimate strength for walls subject to high out-of-plane bending moments. The proposed method can address the out-of-plane local behavior of the individual wall segments that may govern the ultimate strength of the entire wall.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.14 no.9 s.90
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• pp.910-918
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• 2004

The vibration analysis of an axially moving membrane are investigated when the membrane has the two sets of in-plane boundary conditions, which are free and fixed constraints in the lateral direction. Since the in-plane stiffness is much higher than the out-of-plane stiffness, it is assumed during deriving the equations of motion that the in-plane motion is in a steady state. Under this assumption, the equation of out-of-plane motion is derived, which is a linear partial differential equation influenced by the in-plane stress distributions. After discretizing the equation by using the Galerkin method, the natural frequencies and mode shapes are computed. In particular, we put a focus on analyzing the effects of the in-plane boundary conditions on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the moving membrane.