• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2013

A new finite element model for the hydrostatic extrusion of a biaxial bar is introduced. In this model, a penalty contact algorithm, which is adopted to replace the traction boundary conditions due to the fluid in the container of the extruder, is incorporated into a consistent penalty finite element formulation for the viscoplastic deformation of a work piece during hydrostatic extrusion. Two parameters, introduced in the penalty contact algorithm in this study, a critical penalty contact pressure $P_0$ and a critical penalty contact distance $D_c$, are carefully examined for various process conditions. The proposed finite element model is applied to the hydrostatic extrusion of a Cu-clad Al bar. The extrusion loads and thickness ratios of the clad materials by the proposed model are compared in detail to values from experiments reported in the literature. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed finite element model is useful in practical implementations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2019

This paper considers the Prisoner's Dilemma Game in which there exists a dilemma that the best response is that both players are to confess, but doing not confess can give a higher gain to the both players in a social perspective. To resolve such a dilemma in the game, an incentive model to encourage to confess and a penalty model for being imposed when not confessing are introduced, respectively. Then, the conditions are characterized under which incentive or penalty involved in the game's payoffs can make the game rational without a dilemma on both the personal and social perspectives, by taking the payoff values as variables with the incentive and penalty factors. Furthermore, it turns out that the resulting values of incentive and penalty are inversely proportional to each other, and thus, obtaining one of these amounts can provide the other. Simple examples are shown to interpret the theoretical verifications of our models, and randomly generated data based simulation results investigate the tendency of incentive and penalty and the resulting game values for a variety of instances. These results can provide a framework on resolving the dilemma by artificially putting incentive or penalty, although it is careful to apply more generalized real world games.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2015

We consider a sparse high-dimensional linear regression model. Penalized methods using LASSO or non-convex penalties have been widely used for variable selection and estimation in high-dimensional regression models. In penalized regression, the selection and prediction performances depend on which penalty function is used. For example, it is known that LASSO has a good prediction performance but tends to select more variables than necessary. In this paper, we propose an additive sparse penalty for variable selection using a combination of LASSO and minimax concave penalties (MCP). The proposed penalty is designed for good properties of both LASSO and MCP.We develop an efficient algorithm to compute the proposed estimator by combining a concave convex procedure and coordinate descent algorithm. Numerical studies show that the proposed method has better selection and prediction performances compared to other penalized methods.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제33권3_4호
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• pp.387-399
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• 2015

In this paper, a new smoothing approximation to the l₁ exact penalty function for constrained optimization problems (COP) is presented. It is shown that an optimal solution to the smoothing penalty optimization problem is an approximate optimal solution to the original optimization problem. Based on the smoothing penalty function, an algorithm is presented to solve COP, with its convergence under some conditions proved. Numerical examples illustrate that this algorithm is efficient in solving COP.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.49-64
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• 2010

Penalty tax of basic law that has been revised in December 30, 2006 has been amended to tax 40 percent on no report and under-reporting in unjustifiable way. This revision is a punitive regulation that reflects the national tax service's will to not sit back and watch taxpayers' intentional tax evasion by imposing a heavier tax burden, and it raised penalty tax rate that has been applied leniently compared to foreign countries. Therefore, this study examines how changes in penalty tax rate affected faithful tax report and in what level the punitive penalty tax rate should be legislated so that the effect of the penalty tax rate can be maximized by performing empirical analysis on the effect on income tax rate reporting standard of self-employed businesses before and after the time the penalty tax rate increased dramatically from 33.3% to 300% based on the items.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제29권5_6호
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• pp.1533-1539
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• 2011

In this paper, a class of nonlinear bilevel programs, i.e. the lower level problem is linear programs, is considered. Aiming at this special structure, we append the duality gap of the lower level problem to the upper level objective with a penalty and obtain a penalized problem. Using the penalty method, we give an existence theorem of solution and propose an algorithm. Then, a numerical example is given to illustrate the algorithm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• 제13권22호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1990

This paper deals with a single machine scheduling problem with a quadratic penalty function of completion times. The objective is to find a optimal sequence which minimizes the total penalty. A new type of node elimination procedure and precedence relation is developed that determines the ordering between adjacent jobs and is incorporated into a branch and bound algorithm. In addition, modified penalty function is considered and numerical examples are provided to test the effectiveness of the optimum algorithm.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2006

Many financial service organizations use various types of penalties (e.g., late payment fee, overdraft fee), often inflicting customer complaints and, in extreme cases, attrition. This study examines how customers evaluate penalties using concepts from attribution theory and literatures of social justice and customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. The study hypothesizes that both cognitive (i.e., attribution, perceived fairness, disconfirmation) and affective (i.e., emotion) responses influence customer's penalty judgment and tests the effect of moderation between attribution and perceived fairness on penalty judgment. The study uses a cross sectional survey design and collects data using the critical incident technique. The results show that attributions have significant moderating effects on the relationship between perceived fairness and dissatisfaction with the penalty and that perceived fairness, emotion, and attribution have a significant influence on penalty evaluation. The study provides discussion of the findings and managerial implications.

• Plant Journal
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2016

In this study, a penalty cost appropriation methodology for CGAM performance acceptance test was suggested. As the result of CGAM performance test, there were 0.31% decreases in electricity output, 0.39% decreases in heat rate on electricity output, 0.31% increases in heat output, and 0.23% increases in heat rate on heat output. As the result of penalty cost appropriation for above performance, the penalty cost was calculated as -$20,837 in electricity output, -$25,930 in heat rate on electricity output, +$10,340 in heat output, and +$7,715 in heat rate on heat output. Each penalty is appropriated as above fore kinds, however the total penalty should be determined as how to combine above fore kinds of penalty. In our calculation, the minimum total penalty was -$18,215 and the maximum total penalty was -$46,767. The methodology of total penalty appropriation should be determined in the contract between ordering organization and construction firm, and we can understand that it is very important.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1997년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집; 한국전력공사 서울연수원; 17-18 Oct. 1997
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• pp.844-847
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• 1997

In this paper, scheduling problem is dealt for the minimization of due date penalty for the customer order. Multiproduct batch processes have been dealt with for their suitability for high value added low volume products. Their scheduling problems take minimization of process operation for objective function, which is not enough to meet the customer satisfaction and the process efficiency simultaneously because of increasing requirement of fast adaptation for rapid changing market condition. So new target function has been suggested by other researches to meet two goals. Penalty function minimization is one of them. To present more precisely production scheduling, we develop new scheduling model with penalty function of earliness and tardiness We can find many real cases that penalty parameters are divergent by the difference between the completion time of operation and due date. That is to say, the penalty parameter values for the product change by the customer demand condition. If the order charges different value for due date, we can solve it with the due date period. The period means the time scope where penalty parameter value is 0. If we make use of the due date period, the optimal sequence of our model is not always same with that of fixed due date point. And if every product have due date period, due date of them are overlapped which needs optimization for the maximum profit and minimum penalty. Due date period extension can be enlarged to makespan minimization if every product has the same abundant due date period and same penalty parameter. We solve this new scheduling model by simulated annealing method. We also develop the program, which can calculate the optimal sequence and display the Gantt chart showing the unit progress and time allocation only with processing data.