• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.61-75
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study were to investigate self-leadership, nursing professionalism, job involvement and turnover intention and to identify factors influencing turnover intention of geriatric nurses working in long term care hospitals. The data of it were collected from the 135 questionnaires of its subjects, the nurses working in long term care hospitals in D province. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0. The results revealed that the nurses working in long-term care hospitals had medium level of turnover intention. There were significant correlation between self-leadership, nursing professionalism, job involvement and turnover intention. Factors affecting turnover were age, marital status, nursing professionalism. Nursing professionalism was the most influential factor with an explanatory power of 30.6%. Based on the result, to reduce turnover intention of long term care hospital nurses, it is necessary to enhance their nursing professionalism through development of educational program and organizational support, establishment of systematic strategy and creation of suitable environment for enhancement of job involvement, and intervention for the work force management considering the variables related to turnover intention of nurses working in long-term care hospitals are required in order to reduce turnover intention of theses nurses.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.117-126
• /
• 2017

In this study, moisture transport characteristics for the woven and knitted fabrics made of 8 kinds of fiber materials using MMT (moisture management tester) were measured and discussed with the Bireck bt MMT and water evaporating rate (WER) measuring methods, which are vertical moisture transport methods. In addition, the drying property by MMT of the eight kinds of specimens was compared and discussed with the results measured by the vertical drying measurement. MMT experimental result which is horizental moisture transport appeared to be similar to the result of the Bireck method, which is the vertical moisture transport experiment. Absortion time measured from drip method of the fabrics made of the bamboo, linen, and cotton/nylon composite fabrics was short and thus they showed best wicking property, which was attributed to the low contact angle on the fabric surface and high porosity of the fabrics due to the staple yarn structure composed of the hydrophilic staple fibers. In drying property of the fabric specimens by MMT, maximum absorption radius of the dry-zone knit and bamboo woven fabrics were the highest and they showed the best drying property, which was a little different result compared with vertical drying measurement method. Half time of the drying rate in the MMT method was highly correlated with the fabric thickness and saturated moisture absortion rate and their regression coefficients were 0.9 and 0.88, respectively. This means that the knitted and woven fabric design technology for retaining good wicking and drying properties of the fabrics with thin fabric thickness is very important for obtaining high functional wear comfort fabrics. In addition, wicking and drying properties of the fabrics made of different fiber materials and with different yarns and fabric structures showed different results according to the measuring methods.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.510-515
• /
• 2011

The pyrolytic reaction of 1,1-dichloroethylene($CH_2CCl_2$) has been conducted to investigate thermal decomposition of chlorocarbon and product formation pathways under hydrogen reaction environment. The reactions were studied in a isothermal tubular flow reactor at 1 atm total pressure in the temperature range $650{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ with reaction times of 0.3~2.0 sec. A constant feed molar ratio $CH_2CCl_2:H_2$ of 4:96 was maintained through the whole experiments. Complete decay(99%) of the parent reagent, $CH_2CCl_2$ was observed at temperature near $825^{\circ}C$ with 1 sec. reaction time. The important decay of $CH_2CCl_2$ under hydrogen reaction environment resulted from H atom cyclic chain reaction by abstraction and addition displacement. The highest concentration (28%) of $CH_2CHCl$ as the primary product was observed at temperature $700^{\circ}C$, where up to 46% decay of $CH_2CCl_2$ was occurred. The secondary product, $C_2H_4$ as main product was detected at temperature above $775^{\circ}C$. The one less chlorinated ethylene than parent increase with temperature rise subsequently. The HCl and dechlorinated hydrocarbons such as $C_2H_4$, $C_2H_6$, $CH_4$ and $C_2H_2$ were the main products observed at above $825^{\circ}C$. The important decay of $CH_2CCl_2$ resulted from H atom cyclic chain reaction by abstraction and addition displacement. The important pyrolytic reaction pathways to describe the features of reagent decay and intermediate product distributions, based upon thermochemical and kinetic principles, were suggested.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.53 no.11
• /
• pp.151-159
• /
• 2016

This paper proposes a ceramic heating element-based tankless instant electric water heater for hand/face washing that does not require a lot of hot water. The heating module, which heats the input water and outputs hot water, operates the ceramic heating element detecting input water using a flow sensor. Inside of the heating module is designed to form one flow path in order to get almost $15^{\circ}C$ increased heated water compared to the input water temperature within 2 second after 1.5 liter per minute water supply. The design validity is verified using a heat flow analysis of the water flow and temperature variations inside of the heating module also. Based on the design data, the heating module is constructed including a single rod-type ceramic heating element. After that, a prototype system having temperature setting function by three steps were constructed. The prototype system is connected to a 1.5 liter per minute water supply line, and the water output temperature and time measurement experiments confirmed that the proposed system output the heated water increased by $18.3^{\circ}C$ in case of third step setting within 2 second after water supply. And standby power is under 1 W and peak power does not exceed the permissible range for the general house usage. Several performance results verify that the proposed tankless instant electric water heater is applicable for the washstand of the house, highway rest area and factory so on as winter-time hand/face washing.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.172-178
• /
• 2005

[ $21{\alpha}$ ]- and ${\beta}$-Methylmelianodiol were isolated as the inhibitor of IL-5 bioactivity from Poncirus tripoliata. To develope as an anti-septic drug, the genotoxicity of $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ was subjected to high throughput toxicity screening (HTTS) because they revealed strong IL-5 inhibitory activity and limitation of quantity. Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase ($tk^{+/-}$) gene assay (MOLY), single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in mammalian cells and Ames reverse mutation assay in bacterial system were used as simplified, inexpensive, short-term in vitro screening tests in our laboratory. These compounds are not mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Before performing the comet assay, $IC_{20}$ of $21{\alpha}-methylmelianodiol$ was determined the concentration of $25.51\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;21.99\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. Also $21{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ was determined the concentration of $24.15\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;\;22.46\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. In the comet assay, DNA damage was not observed both $21{\alpha}-methylmelianodiol\;and\;21{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ in mouse lymphoma cell line. Also, the mutant frequencies in the treated cultures were similar to the vehicle controls, and none of $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ with and without S-9 doses induced a mutant frequency over. twice the background. It is suggests that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ are non-mutagenic in MOLY assay. The results of this battery of assays indicate that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ have no genotoxic potential in bacterial or mammalian cell systems. Therefore, we suggest that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$, as the optimal candidates with both no genotoxic potential and IL-5 inhibitory effects must be chosen.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.197-214
• /
• 2017

It requires professional knowledge and much time to judge intellectual property rights infringement. The duties of customs administration are the balance between the propositon of trade facilitation through rapid clearance and the thesis of social security through exact examination. There is a view that the criminal procedure law control is necessary to the goods inspection of clearnce procedure if it is related to crimianl investigation. However, it seems that the customs law does not consider the goods inspection investigation as the investigation under judicial control, but only the mere administrative investigation. It can be said that the inspection of goods by customs law functioning as a clue of investigation is confined to the ordinary goods inspection, including the screening test. Searching for specific articles by specific informaition should be under the control of criminal procedure law because it constitutes the commencement of criminal investigation in criminal cases. This interpretation could be an opportunity as a harmonious operation between the goods inspection of customs clearance and the search and seizure of criminal procedure.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.33-68
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to test the market timing hypothesis and impact of macro economic variables on capital structure choice as well as the traditional static trade-off and pecking order theories of capital structure in a integrated framework. Through a two stage test of target capital structure and capital structure choice, none of theories was consistently supported, but most of them were partly supported. In the first stage analysis of target ratio, coefficients of firm-specific variables generally supported the predictions of pecking order theory rather than those of the static trade-off theory. However, the result of the second stage test on capital structure choice supported the hypothesis of the static trade-off theory, which claims that firms usually set and pursue the target leverage ratio. Further, the result of the seconde stage shows that a simple pecking oder theory does not hold because firms with deficit of internal fund tend to issue bonds rather than stocks to raise outside fund. Also, the result indicates that the market timing hypothesis holds because firms with over-valued stocks tend to issue stocks rather than bonds. However, contrary to Korajczyk and Levy(2003), the impact of macro economic variables such as term or credit spreads on capital structure choice was negligible, and the impact of macro economic and market timing hypothesis variables were not greater in financially unconstrained firms as Korajczyk and Levy(2003) suggested.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2012

This study derived measures to reduce exposure doses by identifying factors which affect the external radiation dose rate of patients treated with radiopharmaceuticals for PET-CT tests. The external radiation dose rates were measured on three parts of head, thorax and abdomen at a distance of 50cm from the surface of 60 PET-CT patients. It showed there are changes in factors affecting the external radiation dose rate over time after the administration of F-18 FDG. The external radiation dose rate was lower in the patients with more water intake than those with less water intake before the injection of radiopharmaceuticals at all three points: right after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals (average 4.17 mins), after the pre-PEET-CT urination step (average 77.47 mins), and right after the PET-CT test (average 114.15 mins). The study also found there is a need to increase the amount of water intake before the injection of radiopharmaceuticals in order to maintain a low external radiation dose rate in patients. This strategy is only possible under the assumption that the quality of the video has not changed after conducting this study on the relations between the image and quality. This study also found a need to use radiopharmaceuticals with the minimum amount needed for each patient because F-FDG doses affects the external radiation dose rate at the point right after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals. Urination frequency was the most significant factor to affect the external radiation dose rates at the point right after the PET-CT test and the point after the pre-PET-CT urination step. There is a need to realize the strategy to increase the urination frequency of patients to maintain the external radiation dose rate low (average 77.47 mins) before and after the injection of radiopharmaceuticals. In addition, at this point, there is a need to take advantage of personal strategies because the external radiation dose rate is lower if the fasting time is shorter, the contrast medium is used, and the amount of water intake is increased after the administration of radiopharmaceuticals. Finally this study found the need to be able to generalize these findings through an in-depth research on the factors affecting the external radiation dose rate, which includes radiopharmaceutical dose, urination frequency, the amount of water intake, fasting time and the use of contrast medium.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.257-266
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The hazardous metals content of medicinal herbs distributed in the Daegu area was investigated, and the place of origin and the content of herbicides and medicinal components were studied. Methods: An analysis of hazardous metals content (10 types) was carried out on 164 samples of 99 types of herbal medicines. Among the total samples, 45 were domestic and 119 were imported. Hg was analyzed by the amalgamation method. Other hazardous metals content (nine types) was digested using the microwave method and measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The mean values of the hazardous metals content in the herbal medicines were Pb 1.0833 mg/kg, As 0.0136 mg/kg, Cd 0.0840 mg/kg, Cr 3.7120 mg/kg, Cu 4.2666 mg/kg, Mn 40.080 mg/kg, Ni 1.4330 mg/kg, Sb 0.1053 mg/kg, Al 202.64 mg/kg and Hg 0.0062 mg/kg. Three of the samples violated the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) regulatory guidance on cadmium (less than 0.3 mg/kg). The measured values of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Hg) showed levels below the recommended levels for herbal medicines in MFDS regulatory guidance. In the comparison of domestic samples with imported herbal medicines, it was found that one domestic and two imported samples surpassed the maximum residue limits for cadmium. The median values of the hazardous metals detected in the three medicinal parts of the root, leaf (branch), and flower (seed and fruit) were as follows. Cr, Ni, Sb and Al were highly detected in roots, Pb, Cd, Mn, Hg in leafs (branch), and As, Cu in flowers (seed and fruit). Conclusion: There were various kinds of hazardous metals which were detected at high levels according to the place of origin of the medicinal herb and the parts the plant. For hazardous metals for which no acceptance criteria have been established, safety standards should be further studied and managed to ensure the safety of herbal medicines.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.103 no.3
• /
• pp.392-401
• /
• 2014

This research was carried out to understand the impact of mountainous torrent on topographical change of slope and sediment volume within a deposit line by dredging of soil erosion control dam. Terrestrial LiDAR surveys were conducted at dredged and non-dredged sites. Terrestrial LiDAR has an advantage on detecting topographical changes easily without demanding workmanship and technical skill for users. The distribution of erodible slope ($20^{\circ}-40^{\circ}$) was higher in non-dredged site than that of dredged site. However, the distribution was higher in dredged site than that of non-dredged site after rainy season. Erosion and deposition appeared regularly in a dredged site, but those occurred irregularly in the non-dredged site. The inflow of soil per square meter was 1.7 times higher in dredged site than that of non-dredged site after rainy season. The difference of rainfall in each site did not affect to soil erosion. The distribution of erodible slope was increased in dredged site than that of non-dredged site after rainy season due to inflow of soil from upper stream caused by dredging.