• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.219-222
• /
• 2011

Eight female Himalayan tahrs (Hemitragus jemlahicus) were estrus-synchronized, and transcervically inseminated with frozen-thawed semen in September, 2009, about 2 to 3 months earlier than their natural breeding season. Intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices were inserted into vaginas of six Himalayan tahrs on September 7, and the other two on September 8 to suppress luteal function of ovaries. The devices had been placed deep inside the vagina prior to withdrawal on September 23. A day before CIDR removal, a combination of PMSG 400 IU and hCG 200 IU was intramuscularly injected. Forty hours later, frozen-thawed semen was transcervically inseminated. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 39 days later by analyzing progesterone level of serum. Every treatment was done under anesthesia inducted by xylazine injection. In conclusion, vaginal discharge of cervical mucus, hormonal changes induced by implant-typed or muscularly injectable hormones and widening of cervix enough to insert an insemination gun into uterine body were achieved in non-breeding season. Moreover, the first inseminated Himalayan tahr, 36 hours after CIDR removal was assumed to be pregnant but the fetus may have been lost due to the use of anesthetic drug.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 1994

Effects of catecholamines and the site of receptor of catecholamines were investigated in the longitudinal muscle of the rumen. In order to this experiment, specimens were obtained from 35 Korean Native Cattles, 2-3 years old, in the Kwang-ju area slaughterhouse. Longitudinal muscle strips of rumen were made from sample, and then measured the isometric contraction with physiograph in $37{^{\circ}C}$ organ bath. The results were summarized as follows. 1. 30% of all strips showed rhythmic contraction after short incubation time. 2. Relaxation produced by catecholamines in this preparations increased in a dose-dependant manner. 3. Isoproterenol(${\beta}$-agonist) caused relaxation, but phenylephrine(${\alpha}_1$-agonist) and xylazine(${\alpha}_2$-agonist) were unaffected. 4. The relaxation induced by epinephrine and norepinephrine were not affected by phentolamine(${\alpha}$-blocker) and prazosin(${\alpha}_1$-blocker), yohimbine(${\alpha}_2$-blocker). But propranolol(${\beta}$-antagonist) abolished the effect of catecholamines on relaxation. 5. It is concluded that catecholamines produced relaxation in the longitudinal muscle of rumen via the ${\beta}$-adrenoceptor.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.211-218
• /
• 1997

This experiment was carried out to develop the anesthetic methods for ultrasonography and a new simplified disposable needle guidance device for ovum pick-up(OPU) in cows. Three different anesthetic methods were applied as. 1) epidural analgesia only with 2% lidocaine(20~30 ml), 2) epidural analgesia with 2% under general sedation with xylazine, 3) epidural analgesia with 2% lidocaine under general sedation with detomidine. We evaluated the anesthetic effects with items such as relaxation of anal sphincter, tail movement and rectal wall, retractability of both ovaries, additional anesthesia and possibility of OPU. Through this experiment, the above three anesthetic methods were applicable to OPU, but the epidural anlagesia under general sedation with detomldine was most effective for OPU. We developed a new disposable needle guidance device with stainless steel tube. With this, disposable needles can be easily attatchable to any other intravaginal probes. And also, it was found to he practical, economic and effective for OPU with the recovery rate of 51.2%.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.469-473
• /
• 1999

A 120 kg, 3-year-old, male ostrich (Struthio camelus) was submitted to the veterinary teaching hospital, Chonbuk national university, for chronic weight loss, anorexia, small hard fecal pellets, and lethargy. Illness was first noticed approximately 2 weeks before submission. Although the bird was able to stand, he was extremely weak and cachectic. Blood examination indicated that the bird was dehydration (PCV: 55%). Fluoroscopic and lateral abdominal radio-graphic view indicated impaction of distended proventriculus with bigger rocks than normal. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (10 mg/kg, IV)-xylazine (1 mg/kg, IV) combination and maintained with ketamine (10 mg/kg, IV) at intervals of 8 to 15 minutes during the entire procedure. After induction of general anesthesia, the bird was positioned in dorsal recumbency. The skin was incised approximately 15cm caudal to the caudal margin of the sternum and extended 20 to 25 cm caudally. After the proventriculotomy was peformed, the impacted material that weighed 3kg contained rocks in 4 to 6cm diameter was removed. The incision of proventriculus was closed in 2 layers. Cephalothin sodium (30 mg/kg, IV, q12hrs) and dexamethazone (2 mg/kg, IM, q24hrs) was administered before and after 5 days of the operation. The bird was eating well and defecating normal feces after 3 weeks of the surgery

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.659-663
• /
• 1998

Portal bood flow was measured with pulsed Doppler ultrasound in twenty anesthetized dogs. In anesthetized dogs with xylazine HCl, the average of portal blood flow velocity was reduced($11.68{\pm}1.55cm/sec$ vs. normal $16.67{\pm}1.77cm/sec$). Average portal blood flow was also decreased compared to normal($28.36{\pm}11.61ml/min/kg$ vs. normal $43.12{\pm}14.46 ml/min/kg$). And congestion index was increased($0.0368{\pm}0.0117cm{\cdot}sec$) vs. normal $0.0297{\pm}0.0062cm{\cdot}sec$). In anesthetized dogs with ketamine HCl, portal blood flow velocity was slightly increased ($22.62{\pm}2.53cm/sec$ vs. normal $16.67{\pm}1.77cm/sec$. Also mean portal blood flow was slightly increased($43.12{\pm}14.46ml/min/kg$ vs. normal $55.32{\pm}19.99ml/min/kg$). In anesthetized dogs with tiletamine and zolazepam, portal blood flow velocity and portal blood flow were unchanged.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 1995

Amitraz frequently causes the side effect of intestinal stasis or bloat in mammals. It is very similar to the side effect of xylazine or clonidine which produce the inhibition of intestinal motility through the stimulation of ${\alpha}_2$ adrenoceptor. Therefore, we examined whether amitraz causes intestinal stasis or bloat through the inhibition of intestinal motility or whether amitraz produces the inhibition of intestinal motility through the stimulation of ${\alpha}_2$ adrenopceptor. Amitraz inhibited the intestinal motility in a dose-dependent manner in isolated rabbit jejunum and isolated pig ileum. These inhibitory effects of amitraz were blocked by yohimbine but not by prazosin. The effect of intestinal contraction of carbachol or high-potassium was not affected by the pretreatment of amitraz. However, the con-traction of histamine was inhibited by the pretreatment of amitraz. It is concluded that amitraz mainly inhibits the intestinal motility through the stimulation of ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor although partially antihistaminic action of amitraz can be involved.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on TGF-$\beta$1 expression and healing of rat femur penetrating fractures. Methods: Rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Using aseptic technique, we exposed the lateral right femoral diaphysis with removal of the periosteum. We made one hole along its long axis with an electrically-driven 1.8 mm diameter drill bit. Postoperatively, rats were divided into two groups (a control group, n=15; an experimental group, n=15). The experimental group was treated with low intensity pulsed ultrasound (pulse rate: 1:4, 0.5 W/$cm^2$, 10 minutes, 1 time per day) for 3 weeks. The control group was treated with sham ultrasound (with the US unit turned off). Results: The experimental group achieved more callus formation and TGF-$\beta$1 expression than the control group at the $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$ and $21^{st}$ days after low intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment. Conclusion: This study suggests that low intensity pulsed ultrasound facilitates bone fracture repair, possibly via increased TGF-$\beta$1 expression.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.394-398
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to assess clinical signs, sedative effect and clinicschemical profile of a mixture of fentanyl-azapemne-xylazine(Fentazine$^{(R)}$) in formed elk Twelve male elk(Cervus canadensis) were immobilized with Fentazine, and blood samples were taken of femoral venous blood. Samples were analyzed in the conditions of 10- and 30-minute after administration of the drug. Heart rates, respiratory rates, and body temperatures were in normal ranges during Fentazine anesthesia. After iqiection of Fentazine, most of elk were recumbency and did not respond to needle prick In young adult(3.5.4.5 years old) elk a high dose(>3.0 ml/head) of Fentazine does not result in more sedation, but it does prolong the duration of sedative effect. Fentazine induced sufficient analgesia far velvet antler removal and hoof trimming in elk Salivation, urination, intermittent apnea and mild bloat were observed in elk Globulin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus values were in normal ranges for at least 30 minutes after Fentazine administration. Total protein, albumins cortisol and prothrombin values were slightly increased during sedation(p<0.05). It was concluded that Fentazine is effective analgesic drug being useful for velvet antler removal and hoof trimming.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.141-145
• /
• 2011

Seven male Himalayan tahrs were strongly assumed to have accidently fed on foreign bodies in 2007. At the time, zoo caretakers witnessed missing fence padding, such as carpet, plastic awning, and ropes. The incident occurred the morning after the items had been set up to protect indigenous, wild long-tailed gorals from self injury caused by head butting the steel fence. Adult male Himalayan tahrs were obviously suspected of mostly eating the paddings mainly composed of carpet, thin and long plastic awning, and ropes. Even though they had not shown digestive problems, surgery was determined necessary in order to remove any indigestible foreign bodies. Left flank rumenotomy was conducted on seven male Himalayan tahrs from April to May, 2011. After anesthesia with xylazine, rumenotomy was performed on a concrete floor, with legs and head secured by ropes. No access to water and hay prior to operation for two days was needed to make the surgical procedure done quickly. Two sheets of small hand towels protecting against inflow of ruminal contents were beneficial during surgery. Antibiotics were administered intramuscularly for seven days. No abscesses at the surgical site were found after surgery. Like domestic ruminants, wild ruminants also ingest metalic or non-metalic, indigestible foreign bodies by accident. Therefore, simplified rumenotomy must be developed to apply to those wild animals to lengthen their longevity and to advance the quality of life in captivity. This case report is the first showing how to perform rumenotomy of Himalayan tahr, a wild ruminant, in Korea.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2011

Acute ischemic stroke results from sudden decrease or loss of blood supply to an area of the brain, resulting in a coinciding loss of neurological function. The antioxidant action of melatonin is an important mechanism among its known effects to protective activity during ischemic/reperfusion injury. The focus of this research, therapeutic efficacy of melatonin on recovery of neurological function following long term treatment in ischemic brain injured rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40; 8 weeks old) were divided into the control group, and MCAo groups (Vehicle, MT7 : MCAo+ melatonin injection at 7:00, MT19 : MCAo+melatonin injection at 19:00, and MT7,19 : MCAo+melatonin injection at 7:00 and 19:00). Rat body weight and neurological function were measured every week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were anesthetized with a mixture of zoletil (40 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed for further analysis. Tissues were then collected for RNA isolation from brain tissue. Also, brain tissues were analyzed by histological procedures. We elucidated that melatonin was not toxic in vital organs. MT7,19 was the most rapidly got back to mild symptom on test of neurological parameter. Also, exogenous melatonin induces both the down-regulation of detrimental genes, such as NOSs and the up-regulation of beneficial gene, including BDNF during long term administration after focal cerebral ischemia. Melatonin treatment reduced the loss of primary motor cortex. Therefore, we suggest that melatonin could be act as prophylactic as well as therapeutic agent for neurorehabilitative intervention.