• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.119-138
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• 2001

전자무역거래는 궁극적으로 무역계약체결천의 마케팅과 인콰이어리는 물론 무역계약과 계약 이후의 운송, 보험, 결제 등을 네트워크를 통해 실현하고자 한다. 그러나 무역거래의 전 단계의 전자화 추진에 있어 가장 큰 걸림돌은 국제대금결제시스템을 전자화하는 것이며, 이러한 문제점의 해결은 궁극적으로 전자무역거래의 완성이라고 해도 과언이 아닐 정도로 전자무역 구현에 있어서 시급하고도 중요한 핵심과제가 되고 있다. 이에 본 고에서는 전자무역시대를 맞이하여, 전자무역거래에서 전자결제시스템으로 주목받고 있는 BOLERO, TradeCard, 그리고 BeXcom의 주요 내용과 특징을 살펴보고, 상호간 비교 분석을 통하여 전자결제시스템의 발전적 과제를 제시하고자 한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.216-223
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• 2017

In this work, linear and mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic number and electron density, mean free paths, and half value layer and $10^{th}$ value layer values of barium-bismuth-borosilicate glasses were obtained for 662 keV, 1,173 keV, and 1,332 keV gamma ray energies using MCNP-4C code and XCOM program. Then obtained data were compared with available experimental data. The MCNP-4C code and XCOM program results were in good agreement with the experimental data. Barium-bismuth-borosilicate glasses have good gamma ray shielding properties from the shielding point of view.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 2002

This research purposes on comparing some e-trailing models in character and presenting the obstacles of e-trailing activation and the solutions, e-trailing models this research has studied are 1) Bolero, 2) TradeCard, 3) BeXcom, 4) Identrus, and 5) TEDI etc. Comparing characteristic points of the e-trading models are as follows ; 1) Access ways as a global e-trading model, 2) Structural characteristic, 3) Functional characteristic, 4) Role as a global e-trading model, 5) Legal issues, 6) Application issues in practice, 7) Security issues for Technology.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.14
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• pp.151-180
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• 2004

Owing to the digital revolution, Internet Commerce and Electronic commerce, revolutionize the way of doing business and making payment. The entrance of the Internet has a prominent for spread of Electronic Commerce and those phenomenons will result in paperless trading and cashless trade. By virtue of Internet, an increasing share of business transactions occurs online. Electronic payment is essential for the smooth progress of the electronic commerce as electronic payment plays the important role in the electronic commerce, that is, the value transfer restyling from the electronic commerce. Traditionally international settlement systems such as letters of credits, remittance and documentary collections operated as important and poplar method of payment, Now, information technology has made it possible to pay for the sale of goods and services over the internet. In international trade, there are service providers (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) to settle payment electronically through the Internet. The purpose of this study is to Conduct comparative analysis with approach manner functional respect systematic respect, role. It is shown which the Electronic payment system is better. In this study, the author attempts to find the problems is (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) and solutions in switching from the documentary payment system to the electronic one. This conclusion of this study can be summarized as followings. In resoect of the law, bolero should seek to prevert the users from being treated unfairly due to multilateral agreement on Rulebook. TradeCard, BeXcom do not have the proper law that users are governed. so far as the practice problems concerned, stability of computer's operation and security of message interchange should be warranted and improved continuously. Through the standardization of the electronic document and the development of software, the examination of the shipping occuments must be done automatically. Bolero should induce more banks to take part in Bolero, and make the carrier the cost and time in managing the traditional document which will be used for the time being. In respect of information technology and security, to deduce the risk in the electronic settlement system and positively uses the global authentication guideline(Identrus).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.957-962
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• 2018

The gamma radiation shielding capability (GRSC) of two clay-materials (Ball clay and Kaolin)of Southwestern Nigeria ($7.49^{\circ}N$, $4.55^{\circ}E$) have been investigated by determine theoretically and experimentally the mass attenuation coefficient, ${\mu}/{\rho}(cm^2g^{-1})$ of the clay materials at photon energies of 609.31, 1120.29, 1173.20, 1238.11, 1332.50 and 1764.49 keV emitted from $^{214}Bi$ ore and $^{60}Co$ point source. The mass attenuation coefficients were theoretically evaluated using the elemental compositions of the clay-materials obtained by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) elemental analysis technique as input data for WinXCom software. While gamma ray transmission experiment using Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) spectrometer detector to experimentally determine the mass attenuation coefficients, ${\mu}/{\rho}(cm^2g^{-1})$ of the samples. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations of WinXCom software. Linear attenuation coefficient (${\mu}$), half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) were also evaluated using the obtained ${\mu}/{\rho}$ values for the investigated samples. The GRSC of the selected clay-materials have been compared with other studied shielding materials. The cognizance of various factors such as availability, thermo-chemical stability and water retaining ability by the clay-samples can be analyzed for efficacy of the material for their GRSC.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.282-293
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• 2021

This paper examines gamma-ray shielding properties of SBC-Bx glass system with the chemical composition of 40SiO₂-10B₂O₃-xBaO-(45-x)CaO- yZnO- zMgO (where x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 35 mol% and y = z = 6 mol%). Mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) which is an essential parameter to study gamma-ray shielding properties was obtained in the photon energy range of 0.015-15 MeV using PHITS Monte Carlo code for the proposed glasses. The obtained results were compared with those calculated by WinXCOM program. Both the values of PHITS code and WinXCOM program were observed in very good agreement. The (µ/ρ values were then used to derive mean free path (MFP), electron density (N_eff), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and half value layer (HVL) for all the glasses involved. Additionally, G-P method was employed to estimate exposure buildup factor (EBF) for each glass in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV up to penetration depths of 40 mfp. The results reveal that gamma-ray shielding effectiveness of the SBC-Bx glasses evolves with increasing BaO content in the glass sample. Such that SBC-B35 glass has superior shielding capacity against gamma-rays among the studied glasses. Gamma-ray shielding properties of SBC-B35 glass were compared with different conventional shielding materials, commercial glasses, and newly developed HMO glasse. Therefore, the investigated glasses have potential uses in gamma shielding applications.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.9
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• pp.3441-3449
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• 2023

We determined the radiation shielding properties for 10CaO-xPbO-(90-x) deteriorated silica gel (DSG) glass system (x = 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 mol.%). The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) has been estimated at photon energies of 74.23, 97.12, 122, 662, 1173, and 1332 keV using a narrow beam X-ray attenuation and transmission experiment, the XCOM program, and a PHITS simulation. The obtained MAC values were applied to estimate the half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number, and effective electron density. Results show that the MAC value of the studied glasses ranges between 0.0549 and 1.4415 cm²/g, increases with the amount of PbO, and decreases with increasing photon energy. The HVL and MFP values decrease with increasing PbO content and increase with increasing photon energy. The recycled glass, with the addition of PbO content (20-45 mol.%), exhibited excellent radiation shielding capabilities compared to standard barite and ferrite concretes and some glass systems. Moreover, the experimental radiation shielding parameters agree with the XCOM and PHITS values. This study suggests that this new waste-recycled glass is an effective and cost-saving candidate for X-ray and gamma-ray shielding applications.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

Human body is hard to be in perfect balance during walking. Most of time the trunk is supported by one leg and the center of mass(COM) falls to the contralateral side. Thus, dynamic variables such as the velocity of the COM should be considered when gait stability is evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the extrapolated center of mass(XCom) which utilized the COM position and its velocity, is appropriate to evaluate gait stability. Ten healthy adults participated in this study and performed 3 different types of gaits(normal(NG), hands on waists(HWG), and hands on shoulders(HSG)) onto 4 different types of obstacle(obstacle height: 0%, 30%, 40% and 50% of leg length). Medio-lateral Com-CoP and XCom-CoP inclination angle were calculated during support phase. For all condition, greater M-L XCoM-CoP inclination angles were found(p<.05) compared with those of matched obstacle height CoM-CoP. Especially, M-L XCoM-CoP inclination angle at 50% height revealed the best condition for monitoring dynamic stability. Significantly increased in M-L XCoM-CoP inclination angle was found(p<.05) as obstacle height increased on NG and HWG.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.701-708
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• 2022

The mass attenuation coefficients (μ_m) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights (1000-200,000) were measured using single-beam photon transmission. The X-ray fluorescent (XRF) photons from Zinc (Zn), Zirconium (Zr), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag) and Cadmium (Cd) targets were used to determine the attenuation of gamma radiation of energy range between 8.67 and 23.19 keV in PEG samples. The results were compared to theoretical values using XCOM and Monte Carlo simulation using Geant4 toolkit which was developed to validate the experiment at those certain energies. The mass attenuation coefficients were then used to compute the effective atomic numbers, electron density and half value layers for the studied samples. The outcomes showed good agreement between experimental and simulated results with those calculated theoretically by XCOM within 5% deviation. The PEG 1000 sample showed slightly higher μ_m value compared with the other samples. The dependence of the photon energy and PEG composition on the values of μ_m and HVL were investigated and discussed. In addition, the values of Z_eff and N_eff for all PEG samples behaved similarly in the given photon energy range, and they decreased as the photon energy increased.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.1456-1463
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• 2022

The aim of this work is to study the radiation shielding properties of cement samples with waste glass incortated into its composition. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the samples were experimentally determined to evaluate their radiation shielding ability. The experimental coefficient was evaluated using NaI detector for gamma energies between 59.53 keV and 1408.01 keV using different radioactive point sources Am-241, Eu-152, Co-60, and Cs-137, and the gamma transmission parameters half-value layer, mean free path, and transmission factor were calculated. The theoretical coefficient of the composites was determined using Geant4 and XCOM software. The results were also compared against Geant4 and XCOM simulations by calculating the relative deviation between the values to determine the accuracy of the results. In addition the mechanical properties (including Compressive and porosity) as well as the thermogravimetric analysis were tested for the present samples. Overall, it was concluded that the cement sample with 50% waste glass has the greatest shielding potential for radiation shielding applications and is a useful way to reuse waste glass.