• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.678-693
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• 1993

The purposes of this study were to describe the level of vision and hearing impairments, depression and functional capacity, among Korean institutionalized elderly and to examine the relation-ship between sensory impairments, depression, and functional capacity in these people. The final pupose was to test the cognitive function path model using sensory competencies as predictors. A convenience sample of thirty nine male and 90 female subjects with a mean age of 80.5 were the subjects of this study. The subjects were tested for cognitive function, and vision and hearing impairments. Physical function and social function were measured by observation of designated task performance by the subjects. Their level of de-pression was measured using a Geriatric Depression Scale administered through an interview. Individual subjective ratings of hearing and vision were marked by the subjects, on a ladder scale. The results of the study showed that 48.8% of the subjects had a hearing impairment, 63.5% had a vision impairement, and 36.4% had both a vision and hearing impairement. The four sensory groups (no sensory impairement, hearing impairement, vision impairement, hearing and vision impairement) were tested for differences in depression, physical function, social behavior and cognitive function. The only significant difference that was found was in cognitive function, between the no sensory impairement group and the hearing and vision impairement group(F=3.25, P<.05), Subjective ratings of hearing showed a significant correlation with cognitive function(r=.34, p<.001) and with social behavior(r=.31, p<.001). There was no correlation between subjective vision ratings and cognitive function or social behavior. However there was a significant correlation between vision and hearing(r=.49, p<.001). There was also a significant negative correlation between age and vision(r=-.21, p<.01) and between age and hear-ing(r=-.34, p<.001). There was a significant correlation between depression and physical function (r=-.32, p<.001) but there was no correlation between depression and cognitive function or social behavior. Based on the literature review and the result, this study, a path model of sensory competence-> cognitive function- >social behavior was developed and tested : Perceived vision and perceived hearing were the exogenous variahles and cognitive function and social behavior were the endogeneous variables in the model. The path analysis result demonstrated an accept-able fit (GFI=.997, AGFI=.972, X$^2$=.72 (p=.396), RMSR=.019) between the data and the model. There was a significant direct effect($\beta$=.38) of perceived hearing on cognitive function. There was a significant direct effect ($\beta$=.32) of cognitive function on social behavior. The total effect of hearing on social behavior was $\beta$=.32 including the indirect effect ($\beta$=.12) . However perceived vsion had little effect ($\beta$=-.08) on cognitive function. The result of path analysis confirms that hearing levels influence cognitive function, and both hearing and cognitive function levels influence social behavior. However, vision has little effect on cognitive function or on social behavior. For the next study, a combined model of the pre viously developed environment - >depression- > physical and social function model, and the present cognitive function model, should be tested to further refine the functional capacity model. There also a need for longitudinal study of functional capacity and sencory competence in order to better understand how declining sensory competence influences functional capacity and how it effects in-creasing dependency and nursing needs in the elderly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.44-57
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• 1983

The explosion of the aging population is changing the social environment of today's older people. Traditionally in Korea, a large percentage(over 90%) of elderly parents have lived with their married first son. But today, the number of elderly who live with their married sons has decreased(65.6%) The number of those who live in a different situation such as with their married daughter, unmarried offspring, with a spouse or alone has increased (34.4%) We can expect that the number of the elderly who have to live in institution will increase. The objective of this investigation was to determine differences in the number of health Complaints of older people according to their living situation with a view to planning more effective health care. The sample consisted of 231 persons over 65 years of age, 60 living in an Old Age Home ana 171 living in their own home in Kwangju. Data were gathered from July 9 to 26, 1983 by nursing students using a Questionnaire which was a modified form of the Cornell Medical Index. The data were categorized according to the subjects, living, sex, educational level, previous occupation, hobbies and sexual activity. The date were analyzed for statistical significant differences using F and X²tests. findings included the following: 1. There was a higher number of health complaints from persons who live in the institution than those living at home, but the difference was not significant. 2. The highest number of health Complaints were from persons who live alone, followed by those living with their daughters, and then by those living in the institution. Persons who live with their sons had the least Complaints. The difference in the number of Complaints accord-ing to with whom they were living was significant. 3. Women had signincantly more Complaints than men. Persons who were not living with their spouses had significantly more complaints than those living with their spouses.4. The higher eductional level the persons had, the less health Complaints they had. The number of Complaints accoraing to educational level was significantly different. 5. The highest number of health complaints were from persons who had involved in Commerce and industry, followed by those in Agriculture. Persons who were civil servant had the least 6. There were more complains from persons who had no hobby than those with hobbies. The complaints. The difference was significant. difference was significant. 7. Persons who said they were sexually inactive had significantly more complaints than those who said they were sexually active. As age increased, sexual activity significantly decreased. Those who lived with their spouse were significantly more sexually active. 8. The highest number of Somatic Complaints were eye fatigue, followed by nocturnal frequency, lumbago, cramps in extremities, vertigo, stiffness in Shoulder, tinnitus, common cold and constipation. The order of Psychic Complaints from higher to lower were anger. sensitivity, anxiety, depression and loneliness. 9. This group of Elderly persons said they valued Health the most, followed by Harmony, Religion, Money and Honor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.829-838
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• 2007

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdGa_2Se_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD).The carrier density and mobility of $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{17}\;cm^{-3},\;345\;cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K. respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CdGa_2Se_4$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $Eg(T)\;=\;2.6400\;eV\;-\;(7.721{\times}10^{-4}\;eV/K)T^2/(T+399\;K)$. After the as-grown single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films were annealed in Cd-, Se-, and Ga -atmospheres, the origin of point defects of single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films has been investigated by PL at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{Cd}$, $V_{Se}$, $Cd_{int}$, and $Se_{int}$ obtained by PL measurements were classified as donors or accepters. We concluded that the heat-treatment in the Cd-atmosphere converted single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films to an optical p-type. Also, we confirmed that Ga in $CdGa_2Se_4/GaAs$ did not form the native defects because Ga in single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films existed in the form of stable bonds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2010

Thin-film-transistors (TFTs) that can be deposited at low temperature have recently attracted lots of applications such as sensors, solar cell and displays, because of the great flexible electronics and transparent. Transparent and flexible transistors are being required that high mobility and large-area uniformity at low temperature [1]. But, unfortunately most of TFT structures are used to be $SiO_2$ as gate dielectric layer. The $SiO_2$ has disadvantaged that it is required to high driving voltage to achieve the same operating efficiency compared with other high-k materials and its thickness is thicker than high-k materials [2]. To solve this problem, we find lots of high-k materials as $HfO_2$, $ZrO_2$, $SiN_x$, $TiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$. Among the High-k materials, $Al_2O_3$ is one of the outstanding materials due to its properties are high dielectric constant ( ~9 ), relatively low leakage current, wide bandgap ( 8.7 eV ) and good device stability. For the realization of flexible displays, all processes should be performed at very low temperatures, but low temperature $Al_2O_3$ grown by sputtering showed deteriorated electrical performance. Further decrease in growth temperature induces a high density of charge traps in the gate oxide/channel. This study investigated the effect of growth temperatures of ALD grown $Al_2O_3$ layers on the TFT device performance. The ALD deposition showed high conformal and defect-free dielectric layers at low temperature compared with other deposition equipments [2]. After ITO was wet-chemically etched with HCl : $HNO_3$ = 3:1, $Al_2O_3$ layer was deposited by ALD at various growth temperatures or lift-off process. Amorphous InGaZnO channel layers were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering at a working pressure of 3 mTorr and $O_2$/Ar (1/29 sccm). The electrodes were formed with electron-beam evaporated Ti (30 nm) and Au (70 nm) bilayer. The TFT devices were heat-treated in a furnace at $300^{\circ}C$ and nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour by rapid thermal treatment. The electrical properties of the oxide TFTs were measured using semiconductor parameter analyzer (4145B), and LCR meter.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2002

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of exposure time and image resolution on fractal dimension calculations for determining the optimal range of these two variances. Materials and Methods : Thirty-one radiographs of the mandibular angle area of sixteen human dry mandibles were taken at different exposure times (0.01, 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.40, 0.64, and 0.80 s). Each radiograph was digitized at 1200 dpi, 8 bit, 256 gray level using a film scanner. We selected an Region of Interest (ROI) that corresponded to the same region as in each radiograph, but the resolution of ROI was degraded to 1000, 800, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, and 100 dpi. The fractal dimension was calculated by using the tile-counting method for each image, and the calculated values were then compared statistically. Results: As the exposure time and the image resolution increased, the mean value of the fractal dimension decreased, except the case where exposure time was set at 0.01 seconds (α = 0.05). The exposure time and image resolution affected the fractal dimension by interaction (p<0.001). When the exposure time was set to either 0.64 seconds or 0.80 seconds, the resulting fractal dimensions were lower, irrespective of image resolution, than at shorter exposure times (α = 0.05). The optimal range for exposure time and resolution was determined to be 0.08- 0.40 seconds and from 400-1000 dpi, respectively. Conclusion : Adequate exposure time and image resolution is essential for acquiring the fractal dimension using tile-counting method for evaluation of the mandible.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.310-320
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• 2009

In this paper, we estimate area-averaged solution of peening residual stress using a 3-D multi-impact symmetry-cell FE model. The symmetry-cell model includes factors reflecting peening phenomena and plastic shot. Area-averaged solution is much closer to XRD experimental solution than 4-node-averaged solution in plastic shot FE model. We then obtain FE Almen saturation curve corresponding to experimental Almen curve based on area-averaged solution. Using the curve, we obtain FE area-averaged solution in major peening materials, and compare the FE solution with experimental solution. In peening materials, surface, maximum compressive residual stress and deformation depth reach experimental solutions. Thus, FE Almen curve is useful for estimation of residual stress solution and could improve the efficiency of peening process. Consequently, it is confirmed that concept of area-averaged solution is the realistic analytical method for evaluation of peening residual stress.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-74
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• 2002

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the growth of the height of children and adolescents. To accelerate growth, velvet antlers are typically used in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of velvet antlers of velvet antlers on bone growth using the cell line of Human Osteosarcoma (Hos), derived from the bone-generating cells essential to bone growth. In order to give certain stress to this Hos, the medium contained 1% FBS was used for culturing for Hos cell instead of 10% in control. In this condition of which the proliferation had been significantly decreased, the ethanol extract of upper part of velvet antlers was added, As a result, the cells proliferation rate was significantly increased. Using Oligonucleotide DNA microarray, comparison and analyses were done to see what kind of specific genes would be differentially expressed. The result showed that as opposed to the control group, the stressed group indicated a decrease in the expressions of 6 kinds of genes such as, Id1, retinoid X receptor(RXRB) and 14-3-3 epsilon, etc. The velvet antler treated group, as opposed to the control group, showed a decreased in the expressions of 8 kinds of genes such as Id1, etc. and an increase in the expressions of 24 kinds of genes. The number of genes that showed differences in the velvet antler treated group compared with the stressed group was 7 the expression of 1 kind of gene was decreased, and the expressions of 6 kinds of genes were increased. Considering the mechanism by which velvet antlers affected the growth of osteoblast through reviewing the functions of these genes, the following results were attained. The constraint in the proliferation of Hos cells resulting from the medium contained 1% FBS seems to be caused by three important factors: 1) the decrease of the expression of 14-3-3 epsilon involved in the signal transduction and metabolism of growth, 2) the decrease of the expression of Id1 gene involved in the metabolism of bone formation, and 3) the decreased of expression of RXRB gene involved in the metabolism of retinoci acid. It is suggested that the improvement of the cell proliferating effects by velvet antler treatment, in stressed condition si mediated by increment of 6 genes particularly 14-3-3 epsilon, RXRB, and IGF2, with are the crucial factors for the cell growth and differentiation, metabolism of retinoic acid and osteoblast proliferation, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2008

To determine the economic threshold level of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber in greenhouse conditions, cucumber seedlings(Cucumis sativa L. cv. 'Super Manchon') grafted on 'Jangsushintozoa'(Cucurbita maxima x Cu. moschata) were planted in wooden boxes($30{\times}40{\times}15cm,\;L{\times}W{\times}D$) under a plastic house in August 01 and harvested from Sep. 01-Oct. 30, 2006. The initial nematode population densities(Pi) in the wooden boxes were adjusted to 0, 10, 30, 100, 300, and 600 second-stage juveniles(J2)/100 $cm^3$ soil. The relationship of total fruit yield to Pi level could be adequately described by a linear regression equation, $Y=0.82-0.04{\cdot}Log_{10}$(Pi+1). Initial nematode densities(Pi) before planting in excess of 5 J2/1,000 $cm^3$ soil caused in total yields loss that is equivalent to the costs of granular nematicide application; Pi level in excess of 25 J2/1,000 $cm^3$ soil caused in total yields loss that exceed the costs for application of fumigants at current control costs. We propose two different management strategies depending on nematode densities, (i) application of non-fumigant granular nematicides for M. incognita Pi level of 5 J2/1,000 $cm^3$ soil and (ii) fumigant treatment with Pi level over 25 J2/1,000 $cm^3$ soil. Soil samples to determine population density of Meloidogyne spp. for advisory purposes should be taken several months before planting time, which allows a period of time enough for implementing management procedures.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary organic acid mixture(lactic acid 12%, formic acid 9%, citric acid 5%, butyric acid 5% and phosphoric acid 6%) on growth performance, organ weight, blood immunological parameter and intestinal villi morphology in broilers. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) OA1 (basal diet + 0.1% organic acid mixture) and 3) OA2 (basal diet + 0.2% organic acid mixture). Four hundred eighty hatched Arbor Acre broiler chickens were housed in 24 pens of 20 birds each. Eight replicate pens were allotted into each treatment by completely randomized design. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed/gain were not significantly different among the treatments. In organ weight, that of gizzard was significantly heavier in OA2 than CON (Linear effect = 0.034). However, those of spleen and intestine were not significantly different among the treatments. Blood immunological parameters such as RBC, WBC and lymphocyte were not significantly difference. In intestinal villi morphology, villi length was increased in OA1 compared to CON (Quadratic effect = 0.050). In conclusion, 0.2% organic acid mixture was effective to improve gizzard weight of broilers.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2009

The bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana is commercially important species in Korea. Korean fishing vessels have actively caught it. However, the reproductive Biology of this species has been poorly known. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide information on the reproductive biology of Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Jeju Island, Korea. The bigfin reef squid caught by set net, from June to November 2006. Monthly changes in maturity stages, gonad weight, mantle length at 50% group maturity and sex ratio were investigated. The mantle length of the bigfin reef squid was between 10.6 and 32.1 cm. Maturation and spawning occur all year around, with more intensity from July to September, with peak July. The spawning period was June. The mantle length at 50% group maturity was estimated to be 18.01 cm. Sex ratio was 1:1.4 (male:female). The proportion of female was significantly higher than male ($x^2$-test, p > 0.01).