• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of wormwood extract on intestinal Microorganisms of human, we examined the changes of the intestinal microflora of 6 volunteers for 13 days. Numbers of total anaerobes in feces of 6 volunteers showed 1010cfu/g before and after intake of wormwood extract. In case of beneficial Microorganisms, wormwood extract did not have an effect on the growth of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus spp. On the other hand, the growth of C. perfringens and E. coli, the harmful Microorganisms of human intestines, was inhibited by the wormwood extract.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.267-270
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• 1997

To industrialize the foods using wormwood extract, the optimal extraction yield of growth-inhibitory component of wormwood (Artemisia princeps) against Clostridium perfringens in vitro was investigated at various conditions. The optimal extraction of wormwood was produced from the condition of $40^{\circ}C$, 4 hours and 100% ethanol (30 volume).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2000

Dyeing fastness and antibiosis effects of fabrics dyed with wormwood, which has been used in folk medicines and dietary life in Korea for a long time, were studied through dyeing small overcoats, which are used as diapers, with wormwood extract. As for the dying fastness test results, the fastness of decoloration was not that good but the pollution level showed a relatively positive result. As for the antibiosis effect results, the antibiosis of the dyed sample was better than the original sample on 3 kinds of bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and on 2 kinds of the fungi(Eumycetes). Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Especially, the sample that was mordant with CaCl2 and FeSO4·7H2O showed the best antibiosis effect. On the other hand, the sample that showed the best antibiosis effect was the refined fabric, which is a fabric that is not dyed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.816-824
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the shoot height at which the yield and nutritive value of wormwood (Artemisia montana) is optimized in order to provide information on its potential to support animal production (Experiment 1). A second objective was to determine how the essential oil (EO) concentration in wormwood hay and silage differ (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, Artemisia montana was harvested at five different shoot heights (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm) from triplicate $1.8{\times}1.8m$ plots. Dry matter (DM) yield was measured at each harvest date and the harvested wormwood was botanically separated into leaf, stalk and whole plant fractions and analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD). Values for total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were subsequently calculated using prediction equations. Dry matter yields of stalk and whole plant increased linearly (p<0.001) and leaf yield increased quadratically (p<0.01) with shoot height, whereas the leaf/stalk ratio decreased linearly (p<0.001). As shoot height increased, there was a linear increase (p<0.001) in leaf DM, ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents and a quadratic increase (p<0.05) in leaf acid detergent fiber (ADF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents, and stalk and whole plant DM (p<0.001), organic matter (OM, p<0.01 and p<0.05), NDF (p<0.001 and 0.05) and NFE (p<0.05) contents. However, there were decreases in leaf crude protein content (CP, quadratic, p<0.001) and stalk and whole plant EE content (linear, p<0.001), CP (quadratic, p<0.05) and ash (quadratic, p<0.05) contents. Digestibility of DM and TDN, and DE and ME value in leaves were not affected by increasing shoot height, but these measures linearly decreased (p<0.001) in stalk and whole plant. In Experiment 2, the hay had higher DM and CP concentrations, but lower EE concentration than the silage. Essential oil (EO) content in wormwood silage (0.49 g/100 g DM) was higher (p<0.05) than that in wormwood hay (0.32 g/100 g DM). Wormwood hay contained 25 essentail oils (EO) including camphor (10.4 g/100 g), 1-borneol (11.6 g/100 g) and caryophyllene oxide (27.7 g/100 g), and wormwood silage had 26 EO constituents including 3-cyclohexen-1-ol (8.1 g/100 g), trans-caryophyllene (8.6 g/100 g) and ${\gamma}$-selinene (16.8 g/100 g). It is concluded that the most ideal shoot height for harvesting wormwood is 60 cm based on the optimization of DM yield and nutritive value. Wormwood silage had a greater quantity and array of EO than wormwood hay.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.230-233
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• 2002

Superoxide is involved in causing inflammation, cancer, and arteriosclerosis in many cases. Taking antioxidant material can be helpful in preventing the diseases. Natural food such as barley, wormwood, sea tangle, and soybean contain antioxidant ingredients. Antioxidant activity increase was determined by fermenting them with microorganism. To determine the activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution was used. When barley, wormwood, sea tangle, and soybean were fermented with Bacillus lichenifomis Bl, antioxidant activities of each fermented product increased 2.6, 1.6, 2.7, and 1.7 folds, respectively. Also, absorbance of fermented soybean was higher than that of soybean at the range of 250~290nm, which might be involved in differences of antioxidant activity of the two. Paraquat suppressed Esherichia coli DH5$\alpha$ growth by making superoxide inside the strain. However, when ethanol extract from fermented soybean was added into the GM (glucose-mineral) media containing the strain, its growth was recovered, suggesting that ethanol extract can move across E. coli, and can function as anti-oxidant material in vivo. Thus, it will be possible to develope antioxidant material from fermented soybean which can be taken orally.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.806-811
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of plant extracts on methanogenesis and rumen microbial diversity in in vitro. Plant extracts (Artemisia princeps var. Orientalis; Wormwood, Allium sativum for. Pekinense; Garlic, Allium cepa; Onion, Zingiber officinale; Ginger, Citrus unshiu; Mandarin orange, Lonicera japonica; Honeysuckle) were obtained from the Plant Extract Bank at Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. The rumen fluid was collected before morning feeding from a fistulated Holstein cow fed timothy and commercial concentrate (TDN; 73.5%, crude protein; 19%, crude fat; 3%, crude fiber; 12%, crude ash; 10%, Ca; 0.8%, P; 1.2%) in the ratio of 3 to 2. The 30 ml of mixture, comprising McDougall buffer and rumen liquor in the ratio of 4 to 1, was dispensed anaerobically into serum bottles containing 0.3 g of timothy substrate and plant extracts (1% of total volume, respectively) filled with $O_2$-free $N_2$ gas and capped with a rubber stopper. The serum bottles were held in a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Total gas production in all plant extracts was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control, and total gas production of ginger extract was highest (p<0.05). The methane emission was highest (p<0.05) at control, but lowest (p<0.05) at garlic extract which was reduced to about 20% of methane emission (40.2 vs 32.5 ml/g DM). Other plant extracts also resulted in a decrease in methane emissions (wormwood; 8%, onion; 16%, ginger; 16.7%, mandarin orange; 12%, honeysuckle; 12.2%). Total VFAs concentration and pH were not influenced by the addition of plant extracts. Acetate to propionate ratios from garlic and ginger extracts addition samples were lower (p<0.05, 3.36 and 3.38 vs 3.53) than that of the control. Real-time PCR indicted that the ciliate-associated methanogen population in all added plant extracts decreased more than that of the control, while the fibrolytic bacteria population increased. In particular, the F. succinogens community in added wormwood, garlic, mandarin orange and honeysuckle extracts increased more than that of the others. The addition of onion extract increased R. albus diversity, while other extracts did not influence the R. albus community. The R. flavefaciens population in added wormwood and garlic extracts decreased, while other extracts increased its abundance compared to the control. In conclusion, the results indicated that the plant extracts used in the experiment could be promising feed additives to decrease methane gas emission from ruminant animals while improving ruminal fermentation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.338-345
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• 2019

The selection of a suitable solvent is very important when preparing an extract. However, the effect of ethanol solvent concentration in the extraction of sweet wormwood tea has not been reported. Thus, extracts were prepared from sweet wormwood tea using water and various ethanol concentrations, and the phenolic compounds, antioxidants and anti-enzyme activities of the extracts were analyzed. The phenolic acid and flavonoid components differed according to extraction solvent, which also resulted in different antioxidant and antienzyme activities. In particular, flavonoid rhamnetin was not extracted using 80% and 99.5% ethanol and was highest when 60% ethanol was used for extraction. In the case of chlorogenic acid, the highest extraction efficiency was obtained with 80% ethanol. These results suggest the need for research to increase specific extraction efficiency by targeting major compounds that affect physiological activity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2002

Effects of medicinal herb extract on nonspecific immune responses, hematology and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated. Wormwood, Artemisia asiatica NAKAI and barrenwort, Epimedium koreanum NAKAI were mixed at a ratio of 7 : 3 (w/w) for 2-herbs extract and wormwood, barrenwort, Korean forsythia, Forsythia koreana NAKAI, chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum KITAMURA, peppermint, Mentha arvensis L. var, piperascens MALINV., great burnet, Snaguisorba afficinalis L., Lizard tail. Saururus chinensis BAILL., mulberry, Morus alba L., and star anise, Illicium varum HOOK, f, at the same weight for 9-herbs extract. Two-herbs of 9-herbs extract were prepared by heating after adding 10㎖ of distilled water per g of the herb mixtures. Fish (10.3$\pm$2.5g) were fed the experimental diets supplemented with the 2-herbs or 9-herbs extract at the different concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% per kg diet for 12 weeks. Lysozyme and bactericidal activities of serum, and hematological characteristics were examined during experimental period. After feeding test period, all experimental groups were challenged with E. tarda. Lysozyme activity from the fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.1% or 0.5% of 2-herbs extract was significantly higher than the control. But there was no difference both in bactericidal activity and hematology among each group. Sixty seven % of relative percent survival values (RPS) in the group fed the diet supplemented with 0.1% of 2-herbs was higher than the other group and the control. These results suggest that supplenmentation of 0.1% of 2-herbs extract to a commercial diet may enhance disease resistance in olive flounder. Although both 0.1% and 0.5% 9-herbs extract did not improve non-specific immune reponses, they could enhance disease resistance of 53% RPS, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1992

Water extract, and free-, ester- and insoluble phenolic acids were extracted from wormwoods. The extracts were then dissolved in equal amounts of an edible soybean oil, and the resulting substrates, portion of the soybean oil (control), 0.02% BHA and 0.02% BHT were stored in incubator at $45^{\circ}C{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ for 32days. Peroxide values (POV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of control and the substrates were determined during th9 storage period. The POV of control, BHA, BHT and six substrates which were contained water extracts 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, and free-, ester- and insoluble phenolic acids after 24days of storage were 77, 43, 17, 38, 26, 34, 45, 28 and 16m mole/kg oil respectively, The TBA values after 32days of storage were 0.278, 0.170, 0.070, 0.200, 0.178, 0.235, 0.167, 0.136, 0.062, respectively, It was found that the antioxidant activity in water extracts was highest in water 1 (the substrates containing water extracts 1%). It was also found that antioxidant activities in the phenolic acids were decreased in the following order ; insoluble phenolic acids>ester form>free phenolic acids. The phenolic acids separated and tentatively identified by Gas chromatography were catechol, vanillin, umbelliferone, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and syringic acid.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 2014

Many recent studies have focused on maintaining a healthy life by preventing and/or postponing the aging process. Numerous studies have reported that continuous exposure to reactive oxygen species can stimulate skin aging and that excessive accumulation of fat can cause an impaired skin barrier and tissue structure alterations. Thus, the maintenance of antioxidant homeostasis and the suppression of adipose accumulation are important strategies for skin anti-aging. Here, we prepared three types of extracts [whole juice, acetone-perchloric acid (PCA), and ethanol] from 20 fruits and medicinal herbs native to the Gyeongnam area of Korea. The total phenolic content of each extract was analyzed, and we observed higher total phenolic contents in the medicinal herbs. Consistent with this, the results of the oxygen radical absorbance activity capacity assay indicated that the in vitro antioxidant activities of the medicinal herb extracts were stronger than those of the fruit extracts. The fruits and medicinal herbs had strong effects on cell-based systems, including $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes and 3T3-L1 lipid accumulation. Nishimura Wase persimmon, Taishu persimmon, wrinkled giant hyssop, sweet wormwood, Chinese cedar, red perilla, tan shen, hiyodori-jogo, and cramp bark may be natural anti-aging materials with effective antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Taken together, our findings may provide scientific evidence supporting the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals from fruits and medicinal herbs.