• 복식
• /
• 제28권
• /
• pp.239-253
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this dissertation is to exam-ine the hippie look which is one of the most popular fashion trends in the early 90s, in re-lation to the hippie style in 60s and cultural restoration. in order to investigate the re-lationship this dissertation studies the trans-feral phenomenon of anti-fashion into mother fashion in the basis of social and clutural theories. hippie culture is the anti-culture which appeared in America in the late 60s, it tried to create a new culture by subverting the ruling class culture with their combative life style and peculiar appearance which are distinguished from mother culture. First of all to examine the inner symbolic meaning and outer shape of the hippie style I divided the characteristics of the hippies into ideology social value and attitude on sex. in the aspect of ideology the hippie show strong subjectivity while mother culture shows ob-jectivity. in social value the hippie has the resisting chaacteristics while mother culture has the conformative characteristics. In the aspect of sex the hippie tries to break the fixed idea of mother culture. Hippie culture as anti-culture is symbolically expressed in hippie style fashion which is dif-ferent from mother fashion in shape. There-fore the inner meaning and the outer shape of the hippie style shows strong characteristics of anti-fashion. Hippie style as anti-fashion has an effect on high fashion in the late 60s and the early 70s and on hippie look which is restored in 90s. however hippie-look in 90s is a mother-fashion in which all symbolic mean-ings of the hippie style are weakened and the only outer shape of hippie style is presented and suggested. It doesn't show any cultural backgrounds ideology social value and new attitude on sex of the hippies. The transferal phenomenon of anti-fashion into mother-fashion is summarized as follows. First in the process of tranference to highfashion in 60s and 70s and hippie-look in 90s the resistance of the hippie style is weakened and only suggested through the outer look. Second the hippie style which reappeared in the high fashion and mother fashion in 90s are layered look military uniform mode flower print grunge look romantic look peasant look ethnic look gypsy style handicraft ornaments working suit style handicraft ornaments working suit style and the use of the see-through cloth. Third the fact that the popular and high fashion were influenced by anti fashion in 60s proves filter-up theory in fashion adaption theory. As I examined before the ideology of the hippies are faded in high fashion in 60s-70s and hippie-look in 90s. The symbolic meaning of the hippie style is also weakened and only presented as a fashion trend.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 1979

This study was conducted in order to find out the performance of rice transplanters in accordance with the change of the trans-planting days after pudding and the water depth flooding the paddy field at the time of transplanting : and thus to select the optimum paddy field preparation procedures for an efficient utilization of rice transplanters. The performance factors of the two different types of rice transplanters were measured during the first 6 consecutive days after puddling and with 3 different levels of water depth flooding the paddy fields. The results of this study were analysed and summarized as follows : 1. Wheel sinkage decreased very rapidly from 0 to 2 days after puddling and slowly from 3 to 5 days after puddling. 2. The depth of the test cone penetration decreased rapidly during the first few days after puddling. It was 17.8cm just after puddling, and decreased to 13.4cm one day after puddling. After 2 days, the rate of decrease was dampened, and after 5 days it kept constant value of 9.2cm. 3. Two days after puddling, the hill interval was 15.8cm (98.75% of the preset value) for broadcasted seedling rice transplanter with 3cm flooding depth : This value was the closest to the pre-adjusted value of 16cm. The general performance of broadcasted-seedling type rice transplanter was better than that of strip-seedling type rice transplanter. 4. Usually the working performance of a rice transplanter is evaluated with uniformity and adjustability of the hill intervals. The hill interval was the most uniform and closest to the pre-set value of 16cm when planted two days after puddling with 3cm of water depth. When it was inavoidable to plant 4 days after puddling with stripseedling type rice transplanter, it is advisable to let the water flooded somewhat deeper. 5. The percentage of missing hills including floating and burried seedlings was the highest just after puddling and ie decreased substancially until 3 days after puddling and then it increased again. Hence, the optimal time transplanting is to be between 2 and 3 days after puddling. 6. Better postures of planted seedlings were found when planter 2 days after puddling than 3 days after puddling. Six cm of flooding water depth always gave the best results with respect to the postures of planted seedlings. Broadcasted-seedling rice transplanter, in general, showed better posture of planted seedlings than did strip-seedling type rice transplanter. 7. Judging from the above results, the optimal conditions will be 3cm of flooding depth and transplanting between 2 and 3 days after puddling.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.375-383
• /
• 2023

Objectives: Coal-fired power plants feature diverse working conditions, including multi-layered employment structures and irregular work cycles due to outsourcing and non-standardized tasks. The current uniform occupational environment measurement systems have limitations in accurately assessing and evaluating these varied conditions. This study aims to propose alternative measurement and assessment strategies to supplement existing methods. Methods: Major domestic coal-fired power plants were selected as the study targets. To prepare for the study and establish strategies, work processes were identified and existing occupational environment measurement results were compared and analyzed. The study proceeded by employing three strategies: specific exposure groups (SEGs) measurement, continuous monitoring, and supplementary measurements, which were then compared and discussed. Results: Previous exposure index evaluations (5,268 cases) indicated that crystalline silica, a type of respirable particulate matter, had detection limits below the threshold (non-detectable) in 82.6% (4,349 cases) of instances. Exposures below 10% of the exposure limit were observed at a very low concentration of 96.1%. Similar exposure group measurements yielded results where detection limits were below the threshold in 38.2% of cases, and exposures below 10% of the limit were observed in 70.6%. Continuous monitoring indicated detection limits below the threshold in 12.6% of cases, and exposures below 10% of the limit were observed in 75.6%. Instances requiring active workplace management accounted for more than 30% of cases, with SEGs at 11.8% (four cases), showing a higher proportion compared to 3.0% (four cases) in continuous monitoring. For coal dust, exposures below 10% of the limit were highest in legal measurements at 90.2% (113 cases), followed by 74.0% (91 cases) in continuous monitoring, and 47.0% (16 cases) in SEGs. Instances exceeding 30% were most prevalent in SEGs at 14.7% (five cases), followed by legal measurements at 5.0% (eight cases), and continuous monitoring at 2.4% (three cases). When examining exposure levels through arithmetic means, crystalline silica was found to be 104.7% higher in SEGs at 0.0088 mg/m³ compared to 0.0043 mg/m³ in continuous monitoring. Coal dust measurements were highest in SEGs at 0.1247 mg/m³, followed by 0.1224 mg/m³ in legal measurements, and 0.0935 mg/m³ in continuous monitoring. Conclusions: Strategies involving SEGs measurement and continuous monitoring can enhance measurement reliability in environments with irregular work processes and frequent fluctuations in working conditions, as observed in coal-fired power plants. These strategies reduce the likelihood of omitting or underestimating processes and enhance measurement accuracy. In particular, a significant reduction in detection limits below the threshold for crystalline silica was observed. Supplementary measurements can identify worker exposure characteristics, uncover potential risks in blind spots of management, and provide a complementary method for legal measurements.

• 태양에너지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 1990

표면 온도가 균일하지 않은 원통을 균속도 유동장에 가로 놓았을 경우, 표면에서의 열전달 특성은 표면이 등온이거나 일정한 heat flux가 주어졌을 때와는 판이하게 다르다. 본 연구에서는 공기의 균속도 유동장내에서 두가지 경우(step형 및 선형변화)의 비등은 경제조건이 원통면을 따라 원주방향으로 주어졌을 때 표면에서의 열전달 특성을 고찰하였다. Step형 변화는 원통형 태양로의 표면에서 관찰될 수 있다. Solar One(Califomia주의 Barstow시에 있는 태양로)의 경우, 작동유체(물)는 표면을 따라 원주방향과 수직으로 설치된 튜브를 따라 흐르면서 액체상태로부터 고온고압의 증기로 변한다. 이 과정에서 태양로 표면의 receiver panel은 그 위치에 따라, preheater, boiler, 그리고 superheater의 역할을 수행하며 표면의 온도도 균일하지 않은 분포를 나타낸다. 이와 같은 경우 표면의 평균 온도를 가지고 대류에 의한 열 손실을 계산하면 큰 오류를 범할 가능성이 있다.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.160-169
• /
• 2013

Two-stage turbocharging is an important way to raise engine power density, to realize energy saving and emission reducing. At present, turbine matching of two-stage turbocharger is based on MAP of turbine. The matching method does not take the effect of turbines' interaction into consideration, assuming that flow at high pressure turbine outlet and low pressure turbine inlet is uniform. Actually, there is swirl flow at outlet of high pressure turbine, and the swirl flow will influence performance of low pressure turbine which influencing performance of engine further. Three-dimension models of turbines with two-stage turbocharger were built in this paper. Based on the turbine models, mechanism of swirl flow at high pressure turbine outlet influencing low pressure turbine performance was studied and a two-stage radial counter-rotation turbine system was raised. Mechanisms of the influence of counter-rotation turbine system acting on low-pressure turbine were studied using simulation method. The research result proved that in condition of small turbine flow rate corresponding to engine low-speed working condition, counter-rotation turbine system can effectively decrease the influence of swirl flow at high pressure turbine outlet imposing on low pressure turbine and increases efficiency of the low-pressure turbine, furthermore increases the low-speed performance of the engine.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.144-149
• /
• 2016

PURPOSE. The use of temporary or permanent cements in fixed implant-supported prostheses is under discussion. The objective was to compare the retentiveness of one temporary and two permanent cements after cyclic compressive loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The working model was five solid abutments screwed to five implant analogs. Thirty Cr-Ni alloy copings were randomized and cemented to the abutments with one temporary (resin urethane-based) or two permanent (resin-modified glass ionomer, resin-composite) cements. The retention strength was measured twice: once after the copings were cemented and again after a compressive cyclic loading of 100 N at 0.72 Hz (100,000 cycles). RESULTS. Before loading, the retention strength of resin composite was 75% higher than the resin-modified glass ionomer and 2.5 times higher than resin urethane-based cement. After loading, the retentiveness of the three cements decreased in a non-uniform manner. The greatest percentage of retention loss was shown by the temporary cement and the lowest by the permanent resin composite. However, the two permanent cements consistently show high retention values. CONCLUSION. The higher the initial retention of each cement, the lower the percentage of retention loss after compressive cyclic loading. After loading, the resin urethane-based cement was the most favourable cement for retrieving the crowns and resin composite was the most favourable cement to keep them in place.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제10권12호
• /
• pp.2251-2257
• /
• 2006

ZnO 박막을 RF sputtering 법을 이용하여 제작한 후, 기판 온도에 따른 결정성, 표면 형상, c 축 배향성, 박막의 밀도 등을 조사하여 압전 소자로의 적용 가능성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 $Ar/O_2$ 혼합비 70/30, sputtering 파워 125 W, 공정 압력 8 mTorr, 기판 타겟간 거리 70 mm로 공정 변수를 고정시키고, 기판 온도를 상온에서 $400^{\circ}C$까지 변경하면서 ZnO 박막을 증착하였다. 기판온도가 $300^{\circ}C$ 일 때, (002) 피크의 상대 강도비 (I(002)/I(100))가 94%로 가장 크게 나타났으며, 이 때의 반가폭은 $0.571^{\circ}$ 이었다. SEM과 AFM을 통한 표면 형상은 $300^{\circ}C$ 일 때 균일한 입자형태를 띄면서 4.08 nm의 가장 우수한 표면 거칠기를 나타내었다. ZnO 박막의 밀도는 기판 온도가 상온에서부터 $300^{\circ}C$ 까지 상승함에 따라 증가하는 추세를 나타내었으며, 이 후 기판 온도가 $400^{\circ}C$로 증가하면 다시 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 2차원 파형 채널의 여러 형상($0.5{\leq}{\in}{\leq}1.5$, $0.1{\leq}{\gamma}{\leq}0.4$)에 대한 층류 열유동 수치해석을 수행하고, 형상변화에 따른 열유동특성을 비교 분석하였다. 전자장비 냉각용으로 적용되고 있는 PAO(Polyalphaolefin)를 작동유체로 고려하였고, 균일한 물성치와 주기적으로 발달한 유동 및 채널벽면에서의 등온 조건을 가정하였다. 층류유량조건($1{\leq}Re{\leq}1000$)에서 레이놀즈수에 따른 유선 및 온도 분포, 등온 Fanning 마찰계수, Colburn 계수를 제시하였고, 분석 결과 낮은 레이놀즈(Re<50) 구간에서는 채널주름비가 크고 채널간격비가 작을수록, 높은 레이놀즈($Re{\geq}50$) 구간에서는 채널주름비와 채널간격비가 모두 클수록 열전달이 향상되었다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2006년도 제26회 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.130-134
• /
• 2006

분사면 냉각성능을 개선하기 위한 액체로켓 엔진 연료 매니폴드내의 분리판 설치에 따른 분사균일성 변화를 관찰하였다. 3차원 전산유동해석으로 5개 후보 설계에 대하여 분사균일성을 비교하였으며 최적설계에 대하여 측정결과와 비교함으로써 해석방법을 검증하였다. case I과 II는 매니폴드로 공급되는 유량 전체가 분리판 아래로만 흘러 유속이 크게 증가한다. 하지만 분리판이 끝나는 지점에서의 유속변화와 분사면 중심에서의 유량의 집중으로 분사균일성이 크게 저하된다. 이에 비해 분리판이 입구에서 떨어져 장착된 case III와 IV는 유동이 분리판 위, 아래로 흐를 수 있어 유량집중이 완화되므로 균일한 분사특성을 가진다. 비교한 5가지 설계 중 냉각성능과 분사균일성 측면에서 case IV가 최적으로 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.82-94
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this study is to introduce the Double Punch test method which is an indirect testing method of tensile strength of concrete, and to compare with the tensile strength of concrete as determined by the split-cylinder test, a practical method for performing the Double Punch test to obtain the tensile strength of concrete is proposed and recommended for general use. In this study, the dimensions of cylindrical specimens used in the Double-Punch test were 15X30cm, 15X15cm, 10${\times}$(20cm, and 5${\times}$l0cm, and in the split-cylinder test were 15${\times}$(30cm, 15${\times}$(15cm, and 10${\times}$(20cm. And the diameters of loading punches used in the Double-Punch test were 1.5cm, 2.5cm, and 3.5 cm. The results obtained from tests are summarized as follows ; 1. In the split-cylinder test, the tensile strength of concrete by the linear elasticity theory is similar to that of plasticity theory. 2. Both split-cylinder test and Double-Punch test, tensile strength of concrete is increased with decreasing specimen size. This tendency is identical when the ratio of specimen diameter to height is 1: 2, but that tendency is quite different when the ratio is 1: 3. In the Double-Punch test, if specimen size is constant, by increasing the punch size, tensile strength of concrete is increased, too. 4. Using a 15 ${\times}$( 15 cm cylinder specimen and 3.5 cm diameter punch in the Double Punch test would give the most uniform and consistent result in tensile strength, and the result showed a gQod correlation with splitting tensile strength from 15 x 30cm specimen. 5. In order to obtain satisfactory results and to nuninuze variability, it is proposed that specimens of 15 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height with two 3.5 cm diameter punches should be used. It seems, therefore, reasonable tt) take f't=0.0024 P(kg / cm$^2$) as a working formula for computing the tensile strength in the Double Punch test for concrete.