• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.347-354
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• 2013

This study has attempted to figure out differences between emotional labor and psychosocial stress by occupation-related variables against hairdressing industry workers. For this, a total of 191 hairdressers in Busan were examined using emotional labor scale and psychosocial stress scale. The survey was conducted from July 1 to 30, 2011 using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. Then, the following results were obtained: First, according to analysis on difference in emotional labor by occupation-related variables, difference was found by monthly income in 'control of emotion' category. In terms of 'emotional dissonance,' difference was observed by job title and monthly income. In 'positive expression of emotions,' difference was detected by monthly income and number of off-days per month. Second, according to analysis on difference in psychosocial stress by occupation-related variables, differences were found by age, job title, education, work experience, monthly income, working hours and number of off-days per month. According to the analysis above, monthly income is related with both emotional labor and psychosocial stress among occupation-related variables.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-117
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• 2014

Employing female in the field of science and engineering is becoming increasingly important with diversity and creativity emerging as key factors to build Creative Economy. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to recognize and discourage gender discrimination in the labor market by analyzing wages - the market value of labor which determines one's economic status. This study uses the Oaxaca-Ransom decomposition (1994) to analyze the gender wage gap and identify factors influencing the pay gap in science and engineering labor force. The results of this study are as follows: First, the average wage of female scientists and engineers reaches only 65% of that of male labor force, and the male scientist and engineers are superior in terms of personal attributes, for instance, education background. Second, looking at the factors that influence wages, wage premiums are associated with higher education background, older age, longer period of service, and weekly working hours for both male and female in managerial positions. Third, the wage decomposition shows that in the case of science and engineering labor force, the productivity difference by personal attributes reaches about 58%, and gender discrimination by the characteristics of the labor market stands at about 41%. This means the wage gap by productivity level in science and engineering labor force is wider, and the gender gap is smaller compared to non-science and engineering fields. However, the results of an analysis on specialties and education background of male and female scientists and engineers suggest that the discrimination against women is more serious when the percentage of the female labor force is low and the percentage of temporary workers in the labor market is high. In order to eliminate this discrimination, it is necessary to reduce the imbalance of female scientists and engineers in the labor market, among others, while female scientists and engineers, themselves, need to make continuous efforts to strengthen their capabilities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.143-153
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• 1969

For the purpose of the better dietary management and to emphasize of importance in nutrition education for 949 woman workers at the dormitory of wig factory in Seoul, the nutritional survey was conducted for seven days from August 13 th to 20 th of 1969. The survey included food and nutrient intakes, physical measurement, clinical findings and biochemical measurement were conducted for the randomly sampled 44 subjects. According to the survey results, their heights was under the standard and the 82% of the total subjects was the age ranges from 16 years to 20 years old. Their daily menu was not planned properly and the concept of 5 basic food groups was not utilized in their menu planning. The balanced meal should be emphasized in this factory. Calories and protein intakes are low compared with the recommended allowance and especially animal protein intake is low. Fat intake is only 8.8 grams for capita per day. Vitamins and minerals intake are also low. Clinical and biochemical survey indicated various vitamin deficiencies and anemia which is mostly due to the iron insufficiency.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.297-310
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to verify the impact of the empowerment of dental personnels as one of variables affecting the performance of dental institutions and to seek ways of boosting their organizational productivity. Methods : The subjects in this study were dental personnels who worked in dental institutions. After three investigators were trained, a pilot survey was conducted from October 20 to November 20, 2009, and the questionnaire used in the pilot survey was finalized. The collected data were analyzed with a SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Science) WIN 12.0 program. The findings of the study were as follows: Results: 1. The dental personnels investigated got 3.98 in meaningfulness, one of the empowerment factors. They found a meaning in their job when they performed it. 2. The dental personnels who were older were more excellent in self- determination and influence, and age made a significant difference to their empowerment. 3. The dental personnels who were better educated were more superior in terms of empowerment, and academic credential made a significant difference to their empowerment factors was statistically. 4. The dental personnels whose yearly salary was larger were more which were the factors of empowerment of each factor was statistically significant. 5. Dental health agency workers less than three years accounted for most of 152 people were working longer duration of empowerment as a whole was that each of the factor scores. Empowerment of each factor was statistically significant. 6. The dental hygienists made up the largest group among the dental institution employees, and the kind of occupation made a significant difference to meaningfulness, competency and influence, which were the factors of empowerment. 7. The greatest group of the dental personnels worked in dental clinics, and the dental hospital employees surpassed the dental clinic employees in competency, self-determination and influence. There was a significant difference in the influence factor according to the type of dental institutions. Conclusions : Thus, the dental personnels were more aware of the meaningfulness factor when their perception of the job-related empowerment was checked, and it indicated that most of them attached importance to meaningfulness during their job performance. But just employees who worked in dental institutions located in particular regions were examined, the findings might not be generalizable. In the future, more extensive research should be implemented, and the sorts of programs that could stir up empowerment among dental institution employees or bolster organizational empowerment should be developed.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.255-268
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• 2010

Objectives : In the field of dental hygiene, infections pose a serious problem. This issue has left many patients and dental staff exposed to microbes with potentially far-reaching effects. The purpose of this study was to find solutions which could improve Dental health policies and promote improved methods for the control of infections. This survey was conducted between March 3, 2008 and March 30, 2008, in the metropolitan area. The research was carried out in dental clinics and dental hygienists were surveyed through a questionnaire. Methods : Collected data was examined using the SPSS 14.0 program, using frequency, mean and standard deviation analysis, T-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe's test and Duncan's test. Further analysis was given using Logistic Regression. Results : The Performance of Infection Control by dental hygienists in Dental Clinics was shown at $2.96{\pm}0.42$. Disinfection, sterilization and the wearing of masks is high at $3.65{\pm}0.64$, $3.64{\pm}0.65$. The perception of the importance of infection control is higher among dental hygienists than dentists. Of the dental hygienists surveyed, 83.9% were exposed to at least one accident while at work. Age and years of experience were important in relation to infection control practices. The rate of infections and the number of accidents experienced related to the dental hygienists performance of infection control. The performance of infection control is influenced by the dental hygienists own perceptions, and the perceptions of their dentists. The dental hygienist's working conditions and their beliefs related to infection control were shown to influence their performance of infection control practices. Conclusion : At the conclusion of this investigation, it was determined that systematic refresher training of infection control should be delivered through further education and various media. Dental health care workers should be encouraged to practice these action items presented in the training. For successful implementation of infection control in every dental health-care setting, it is highly demanded that effective safe-guard tools, strategic support and standardized action items against infection problems are developed.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.30
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• pp.27-57
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• 2013

Animation which appeared with films in the late 19th century was a medium which came on obtaining nourishment from art historical style of modernism. However, the relation establishment between animation and modernism has been focused mainly on animation shapes, namely painted images. This sprang from explaining the relationship between animation and paintings, and for this reason, discussions of movements in animation were understood in tradition of chromophotograph of Muybridge and Jules Marey, or some characteristics owned by the live-action film. However, movements of animation were essentially different from the indexical sign of films or photogram, and objects of reproduction were different between them. Movements reproduced by animation are not ordinary movements, but expressions of or compressed movements and considerably systematic movements. As a result, these movements are far from reproduction of live-action film photogram. Rather, the logic of movements reproduced by animation comes near to controlling their motion scopes, time, distance etc. after dividing each part of the body. This is concluded in a standpoint of modern mechanism which is represented by Descartes and La Mettrie who tried to understand human body as a exchangeable machine. Design of modern mechanism ranging from modern society to industrial society and the age of modernism came to lead to analysis of physical motions of modern industrial society called composition of efficient movements understanding them as the law of nature rather than movements as nature. In the late 19th century, Taylor, F. W. and Gilbreth, Frank Bunker's studies of workers' working hours and 'motion study' were a way of constituting the frame of machine-human, which indicates that tradition of modern mechanism affected the entire modernism passing through industrial society. Further, we can see that motion studies conducted by them have almost similar characteristics to action analysis to study animation later in the name of 'timing'.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.1 s.85
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• pp.127-144
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• 2007

This study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing volunteer workers' perceptions of and attitudes toward the behavior problems of the elderly residents after caring for the residents voluntarily at low-income nursing homes. Eleven male and female volunteers ranging from age 19 to 52 were asked how they felt about the elderly residents' behavior problems and what kind of behavioral problems they had experienced after doing volunteer works in the three chosen facilities. In particular, they were expected to explain what emotional changes they experienced during their volunteer service. In this study, it was observed that most of the elderly subjects experienced three categories of behavior problems: habitual, repetitious and unreasonable activities caused by the elderly residents' life span backgrounds, unexpected and/or abrupt behaviors resulting from gradual cognitive impairments, and physiological, awkward activities caused from gradual senility. The volunteers tend to believe that the elderly residents are naturally expected to act positively, since they have been provided with well- planned, regular care services such as bathing, counseling, activity programs, and religious guidances. On the other hand, some respondents stated that their experiences at the nursing homes caused them to form negative images of the elderly; they feel that the elderly are not helpful for giving advices on critical decisions, guiding and encouraging their daily lives, and offering any positive influences toward their own lives. Rather, they find themselves getting too much stressed as a result of their intimate contacts with demented or senile residents. Overall, in this study, it is proposed that education for confronting sudden abrupt behavior problems should be intensified more for female volunteers, since they tend to be more susceptible to emotional harassment resulting from the problem behaviors. It is also proposed that young volunteers who have not been systematically trained for confronting aggressive behaviors need to be separately assigned their roles in order to minimize the potential of confronting unseemly situations resulting from male residents whose mental health has deteriorated. Furthermore, it is also suggested that the combination of leisure-related activities for healthy residents and stressful intimate services for the frail residents be systematically planned and implanted for the volunteer program so that the volunteers can lessen the chances of suddenly finding themselves confronted with extremely abrupt agitations.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1013-1024
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• 2017

Objectives: The study investigated health professionals working in the metropolitan area and Jeolla-bukdo, South Korea, from April 30 to May 17, 2017 to understand their views on the issue of including dental hygienists in the scope of medical personnel of South Korea. Methods:A total of 270 surveys were analyzed in this study. The survey consists of 5 questions on general issues; 10 on the awareness of present work of dental hygienist; and 1 on opposition or approval about including dental hygienist in medical personnel. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 18.0, as well as frequency analysis, cross analysis and logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance level (${\alpha}$) is 0.05. Results: 1. Broken down by gender, male subjects showed more oppositions against including dental hygienists in the category of medical personnel while female subjects showed more favorable opinions (p<0.05). In terms of academic background, those who had graduated from graduate school or higher showed a higher propensity for opposition while those who had graduated from a 3-year college showed a higher tendency for approval on the idea (p<0.05), In terms of occupational type, health professionals showed more opposing views whereas medical technologists showed more approvals than others (p<0.001). 2. With respect to the awareness of work specialty and proficiency of dental hygienist according to general characteristics, the higher the age, the higher the awareness level was. In terms of the occupational type, medical technologists were found to have higher awareness level than health professionals (p<0.001). 3. With respect to the relationship between general characteristics and view on including dental hygienists in medical personnel, the occupational type of health professional was found to have 6.33 times more oppositions than medical technologists. When the awareness level on proficiency of dental hygienist was low, opposition was 6.52 times more frequent (p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings above, the inclusion of dental hygienists in medical personnel seems necessary in properly establishing the specialty and role of dental hygienist in the dentist medical environment of the country in order to enhance national oral health related preventive dental service and expand the demand. To this end, it is necessary to provide nationwide promotion, work to change the awareness of health professionals in other occupational types, and facilitate public promotion for legal ground establishment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1973

For purpose of understanding of women worker's nutritional status in Korea, the author had studied oil 668 workers who are working in textile industry, chemical industry, manufacture of electrical machinery and supplies, manufacture of rubber and transportation (bus-guider). Skin-fold caliper was applicated and measured five positions. As a results of this study the following conclusions were obtained; 1. The mean skin-fold thickness were; arm: $$9.08{\pm}3.40\;mm\;(7.23{\sim}10.50\;mm)$$ back: $$16.23{\pm}5.25\;mm\;(13.18{\sim}17.20\;mm)$$ waist : $$17.86{\pm}5.82\;mm\;(13.27{\sim}19.31\;mm)$$ abdomen : $$15.45{\pm}5.04\;mm\;(10.82{\sim}16.43\;mm)$$ knee: $$13.49{\pm}4.16\;mm\;(10.80{\sim}14.04\;mm)$$ The lowest mean skin-fold thickness by age was $12.26{\pm}3.50\;mm$ at 16 year-old and the highest mean skin-fold thickness was $14.57{\pm}5.55\;mm$ at 19 yesr-old respectively. 2. Fat amounts The lowest body fat weight was 10.77 kg at 16 year-old and the highest was 12.09kg at 19 year-old, respectively. The mean body fat weight was 11.76 kg. The lowest %Fat was 20.67% at 26 year-old, the highest was 23.89% at 18 year-old and the average was 22.76%, respectively. The mean FFW was 39.94 kg and the lowest was 37.91 kg at 17 year-old, the highest was 41.64 kg at 27 year-old. The ratio of fat weight and total body mass (FW/TBM) were 21.04% at 27 year-old 23.75% at 19 year-old and average was 22.75%, respectively. The ratio of fat free weight and total body mass (FFW/TBM) were 76.25% at 19 year-old and 78.96% at 27 year-old, respectively. The average was 77.25%. The ratio of fat weight and fat free weight (FW/FFW) were 27.31% at 27 year-old and 31.15% at 19 year-old. The average was 29.44%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-160
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• 1973

1. Introduction Community medicine with the concept of comprehensive medical care and an ideal medical care delivery system not only for an individual or family but for the whole community has emerged. In April 1970, the Presbyterian Medical Center started a hospital based community health service project in order to improve the health of the people in rural areas. Prior to commencing a comprehensive medical care system, a family survey was needed. The major objective of this survey was to obtain information concerning the people and their environment so as to be able to plan and implement a comprehensive medical care program in Soyang-Myun. 2. Survey Method An interview using a family record form was carried out for each household. This family record form was designed to get information about demography, family planning, environmental sanitation and vital statistics. Prior to beginning, the members of the survey team were trained in interviewing techniques for three days. The team consisted of a public health nurse, four nurse-aides, a sanitarian and four health extension workers who are working in our project, The survey was carried out during the period November 1971 to March 1972. 3. Project area 1) Population of Soyang-Myun was 11,668; male, 5,962 and female, 5,706. Sex ratio: 104.5. 2) Households : 1,858 3) Family size: The average household consisted of 6.3 persons. 4) Educational level of householder a. Illiterate 13% b. No schooling but able to read 10% c. Preschool children 19% d. Primary school 47% e. Middle school 7% f. High school 3% g. College or University 1% 5) Occupational distribution of householders a. Farmer 67% b. Laborer 13% c. Office worker 4% d. Merchant 4% e. Industrial worker 2% f. Unemployed 8% g. Miscellaneous 2% 6) Religious affiliation a. No religion 74% b. Buddhist 12% c. Protestant 10% d. Catholic 4% 4. Survey results Living Environment : a. Home ownership 95% b. Kinds of roofing Straw-thatched house 84% Tile-roofed house 10% Slate-roofed house 5% Other 1% c. Floor space Less than 6 pyong 10% 6-10 pyong 53% 11-15 pyong 24% 16-20 pyong 9% More than 20 pyong 4% d. Radio ownership 80% Environmental Sanitation : a. the source of drinking water public well 49% private well 30% drainage water 9% steam water 8% well pump 3% water distribution system 1% b. Distance between well and toilet more than 16meters 38% 6-10 meter 31% 11-15 meters 14% Less than 6 meters 17% c. The status of well management Bad 72% Fair 26% Good 2% d. General sanitary state of house Bad 37% Fair 51% Good 12% e. House drainage system had no house drainage. 77% Family Planning : a. 24% of the people have used contraceptives, but 12% ceased to use them. 76% have never used contraceptives. b. used methods 1oop 68% oral pill 16% vasectomy 4% condom 1% tubal ligation 1% two or more methods 10% Maternal Health : a. The number of conceptions of housewives under 50 years of age. 11 times 26% 6 times 11% 5 times 11% 4 times 9% b. The place of delivery own house 88% hospital 1% others 11% Treatment of general sickness : a. The place of treatment Soyang Health Center 31% Hospital (private or otherwise) 26% Pharmacy 14% Herb medicine 5% Private care 5% No treatment 12% Miscellaneous 7% b. Usual causes of diseases Unknown 46% Tuberculosis 29% Neuralgia 8% CVA 3% Bronchitis 3% Others 11%