• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.135-154
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• 2023

Urban wetlands provide various ecosystem services and are subject to restoration and creation projects due to their increased value in the context of climate change. However, the vegetation structure of wetlands is sensitive to environmental changes, including artificial disturbances, and requires continuous maintenance. In this study, we conducted a vegetation survey of three wetlands created as part of a project to restore urban degraded natural ecosystems and monitored the quantitative changes in wetland vegetation structure using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The vegetation survey revealed 73 species in Incheon Yeonhui wetland, and the change in vegetation composition based on wetland occurrence frequency was 11.5% on average compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results. The vegetation survey identified 44 species in Busan Igidae wetland, and the proportion of species classified as obligate upland plants was the highest at 48.8% among all plants, while the proportion of naturalized plants accounted for 15.9% of all plants. The open water surface area decreased from 10% in May 2019 to 6.7% in May 2020. Iksan Sorasan wetland was surveyed and 44 species were confirmed, and it was found that the proportion of facultative wetland plant decreased compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results, and the open water surface area increased from 0.4% in May 2019 to 4.1% in May 2020. The results of this study showed that wetlands with low artificial management intensity exhibited a tendency for stabilization of vegetation structure, with a decrease in the proportion of plants with high wetland occurrence frequency and a relatively small number of new species. Wetlands with high artificial management intensity required specific management, as they had a large change in vegetation structure and a partially high possibility of new invasion. We reaffirmed the importance of continuous monitoring of vegetation communities and infrastructure for wetlands considering the function and use of urban wetlands, and restoration stages. These research results suggest the need to establish a sustainable wetland maintenance system through the establishment of long-term maintenance goals and monitoring methods that consider the environmental conditions and vegetation composition of wetlands.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.95-113
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• 2018

We studied the change of wetland vegetation structure to understand ecological restoration process of wetlands through the field survey of ecological restoration projects in Incheon, Iksan and Busan. We compared the vegetation plan at the time of planted with the results of the vegetation monitoring in 2018, and analyzed the changes in wetland vegetation structure. Based on results, we attempted to understand the restoration process of those wetlands and discuss the management measures for sustainable wetland restoration. As a result, in the Incheon Yeonhee restoration wetland, the number of plant species was increased, from 18 species in 2016 to 29 in 2018. The dominant species, Myriophyllum verticillatum, covered the wetland most and its occupied area was increased. On the other hand, the distribution area of the planted emergent hydrophytes was reduced. The area of open water decreased from 71.7% in 2016 to 48.8% in 2018. In Busan Igidae restoration wetland, the number of plant species was increased, from 6 species in 2014 to 31 in 2018. The dominant species was Myriophyllum verticillatum and its occupied area was increased. The area of floating plant communities that planned has decreased. The open water area decreased from 83.9% in 2014 to 31.8% in 2018. In Iksan Sorasan restoration wetland, the number of plant species was increased, from 13 species in 2016 to 36 in 2018. The dominant species was Phragmites communis Trin. and its occupied area was increased. The other planted species showed a tendency to be decreased by Phragmites communis Trin. and its terrestrialization. The open water area decreased from 86.6% in 2016 to 6.7% in 2018. These results suggest that wetlands should be managed by considering the change of vegetation structure and open water areas based on the following succession process, because it affects the habitat suitability of wetland organisms and biodiversity as well. Thus, the continuous monitoring for the ecological structure of restored wetland is important, and it could be possible step to develop sustainable wetland ecological restoration model.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of small RC(radio controlled) helicopter and single lens reflect camera as SFAP(Small Format Aerial Photography) aquisition system to monitor the vegetation coverage of wetland. The system used to take pictures of small artificial wetland were a common optical camera(Nikon F80 with manual lens whose focal length was 28mm) attached to the bottom of a RC helicopter with a 50 cubic inch size glow engine. Three hundreds pictures were taken at the altitude of 50m above the ground, from 23rd June to 7th September 2005. Four from the images were selected and scanned to digital images whose dimension were 2048${\times}$1357 pixels. Those images were processed and rectified with GCP(Ground Control Poins) and digital map, and then classified by the supervised- classification module of image processing program PG-steamer Version 2.2. The major findings were as follows ; 1. The final images processed had very high spatial resolution so that the objects bigger than 30mm like lotus(Nelumbo nucifera), rock and deck were easily identified. 2. The dominant plants of the monitoring site were Monochoria ragianlis, Typha latifolia, Beckmannia syzigachne etc. Because those species have narrow and long leaves and form irregular biomass, the individuals were hardly identifiable, but the distribution of population were easily identifiable depending on the color difference. 3. The area covered by vegetation was rapidly increased during the first month of monitoring. At the beginning of the monitoring 23th June 2005, The rate of area covered by vegetation were only 34%, but after 27 and 60 days it increased to 74%, and the 86% respectively.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

본 연구는 육화 추세를 추적하는 과정에서 MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index)와 NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)를 통합한 접근의 실용성을 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 사례 연구지역인 우포늪에 대해 MNDWI는 수분 지수에 민감하여, 수문 객체는 더욱 강조하고 습윤 토양의 변화를 추적하는 등 수문 객체 외의 요소들은 더욱 강하게 배제하는 근거를 제시하였다. NDVI는 식생의 수령, 식생밀도에 대한 정보를 제시하고, 수분객체와 다른 토지 피복 유형(식생, 건물, 도로 등)을 가시적으로 추적하였다. NDVI와 MNDWI의 통합접근을 통해 산출되는 정량적이고 거시적인 정보는 NDVI와 MNDWI의 변화가 육화에 대한 정량적인 근거로 활용될 수 있다는 의미있는 결과를 보여준다. 본 연구는 향후 내륙습지의 육화에 대한 장기적 모니터링과 전반적인 육화 대응방안을 도출하는 과정에서 NDVI, MNDWI 통합접근의 근거가 되는 기초자료를 제공하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2004년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2004
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• pp.405-409
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• 2004

We chose the Kushiro wetland in Hokkaido, Japan, as a test site to monitor wetland areas. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can carry out continuous observation in any weather conditions, and can therefore be used to observe high humidity areas such as wetlands. We applied multi-parameter SAR data (dual-frequency, multi-polarization, and multi-incidence angle) to monitoring the wetland forest. To find the optimum incidence angle and polarization for monitoring the wetland biomass, a simple backscattering model of wetland vegetation was developed and applied to estimate backscattering coefficients for different biomass and surface conditions.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.381-395
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• 2013

2011년 4월부터 11월까지 총 6회에 걸쳐 경주국립공원 토함산지구 내 암곡습지 유역권의 현존식생 및 출현식물을 조사하였다. 출현식생 분석결과 습지를 제외한 유역권 대부분이 과거 식생에 대한 인위적 훼손이 일어났던 지역이었다. 그럼에도 습지:배후의 비율이 약 1:10으로 습지면적이 상대적으로 넓은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 출현 식물종 조사결과 65과 163속 184종 1아종 39변종 8품종으로 총 233분류군이 확인되었다. 출현식생 특성상 중간습원의 형태를 띠고 있었으며 귀화식물은 총 17분류군이 확인되었는데, 습지지역에서는 2종만이 출현하였다. 본 대상지는 유역권에 비해 습지면적이 상대적으로 넓고 유역권의 인위적 교란에도 불구하고 습지가 건강하게 유지되고 있는 지역이었다. 단습지주변에 일부 버드나무와 신나무 등 목본식물의 유입이 일어나고 있어 지속적 관심이 요구되었다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2004

Wetlands are lands with a mixture of water, herbaceous or woody vegetation and wet soil. And linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is one of the most often used methods in handling the spectral mixture problem. This study aims to test LSMA is an enhanced routine for classification of wetland land-covers in Paldang reservoir and vicinity (paldang Reservoir) using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery. In the LSMA process, reference endmembers were driven from scatter-plots of Landsat bands 3, 4 and 5, and a series of endmember models were developed based on green vegetation (GV), soil and water endmembers which are the main indicators of wetlands. To consider phenological characteristics of Paldang Reservoir, a soil endmember was subdivided into bright and dark soil endmembers in spring and a green vegetation (GV) endmember was subdivided into GV tree and GV herbaceous endmembers in fall. We found that LSMA fractions improved the classification accuracy of the wetland land-cover. Four endmember models provided better GV and soil discrimination and the root mean squared (RMS) errors were 0.011 and 0.0039, in spring and fall respectively. Phenologically, a fall image is more appropriate to classify wetland land-cover than spring's. The classification result using 4 endmember fractions of a fall image reached 85.2 and 74.2 percent of the producer's and user's accuracy respectively. This study shows that this routine will be an useful tool for identifying and monitoring the status of wetlands in Paldang Reservoir.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.699-713
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• 2012

소택지는 개발공사 및 녹지조성 시 자주 이용되는 유형으로 나타나고 있지만 식물의 생태적 특성을 배려하지 못하는 설계가 빈번하게 이루어지고 있는 실정이므로 소택지의 토지이용에 따른 식생특성을 알아보고 소택지의 평가, 습지의 복원 및 창출에 있어 기초 자료로 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구대상지는 논, 밭, 산으로 구분하여 2개소씩 총 6개소의 연구대상지를 선정하여 식생조사를 실시한 결과 식물상은 61종~92종의 분포범위로 총 71과 168속 187종 2변종 1품종 1아종으로 총 216종류가 확인되어 규모에 비해 높은 식생출현이 확인되었다. 식물구계학적 특정식물종의 평가점수 분포는 산지형으로 대표되는 연구대상지가 밭이나 논으로 대표되는 곳보다 높은 점수로 평가되었다. 귀화식물은 10과 28종으로 분석되었으며 산으로 대표되는 연구대상지가 낮은 출현을 보였으며, 이에 비해 논과 밭으로 대표되는 연구대상지는 비교적 높은 출현을 나타냈다. 식생피도가 다소 높게 나타난 귀화식물은 개망초, 족제비싸리, 오리새, 큰김의털, 능수참새그령, 토끼풀, 망초, 단풍잎돼지풀, 달맞이꽃, 미국가막사리 등이다. 이러한 귀화식물은 습지에서 자생식물을 도태시키고 물 흐름을 막아 습지를 육상화 시키는 습지훼손의 주요한 요인으로 우선적으로 제거해야 할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 향후 귀화식물에 대한 적절한 관리와 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 소택지를 농촌지역의 우수한 비오톱으로 개선시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 2006

In order to improve water quality of the Juam Lake, a constructed wetland was implemented and operated for 2 years with the effluent of sewage treatment plant and diffuse pollutant discharged from agricultural area. During the summer season, average removal efficiencies for BOD and SS were 15.8% and 39.4%, respectively. Due to the mixed effect of vegetation, soil microbes and sediments, the higher nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained: average T-N and T-P removal efficiencies were 64.2% and 71.7%, respectively. The concentration of sediment was increased initially, and maintained constant throughout monitoring period. The highest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were observed in Phragmites japonica. The nitrogen uptake was estimated as 0.235 DW mg/g while phosphorus uptake was estimated as 2.059 DW mg/g.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.713-719
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• 2009

A natural wetland in the Nakdong River basin which effectively removes non-point source pollutants was investigated for 2 years to understand wetland topography, vegetation types, and water quality characteristics. The water depth of the natural wetland was in the range of 0.5~1.9 m which is suitable for the growth of non-emergent hydrophytes. The wetland has a high length to width ratio (3.3:1) and a relatively large wetland to watershed area ratio (0.057). A broad-crested weir at the outlet increases the retention time of the wetland whose hydrology is mainly dependent on storm events. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the growing season and the winter season showed anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively. Diurnal variations of DO and pH in the growing season were also observed due to weather change and submerged plants. COD and TP concentrations were low in the winter season due to low inflow rate and increased retention time. Increased TP concentrations in the spring season were caused by degradation of dead wetland plants. Nitrogen in the wetland was mostly in organic nitrogen form (>75%). During the growing season, ammonium concentration was high but nitrate nitrogen concentration was low, possibly due to anoxic and low pH conditions which are adverse conditions for ammonificaiton and nitrification. The results of this study can be used as preliminary data for design, operation, monitoring and management of a constructed wetland which is designed to treat diffuse pollutants in the Nakdong river watershed.